Human Embryology and Developmental Biology

Healthy functioning of the female reproductive tract (FRT) depends on balanced and dynamic regulation by hormones during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy and childbirth The mucosal epithelial lining of different regions of the FRT—ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix and vagina—facilitates the selective transport of gametes and successful transfer of the zygote to the uterus where it implants and pregnancy takes place It also prevents pathogen entry Recent developments in three-dimensional (3D) organoid systems from the FRT now provide crucial experimental models that recapitulate the cellular heterogeneity and physiological, anatomical and functional properties of the organ in vitro In this review, we summarise the state of the art on organoids generated from different regions of the FRT We discuss the potential applications of these powerful in vitro models to study normal physiology, fertility, infections, diseases, drug discovery and personalised medicine

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Organoids of the female reproductive tract.

The nanoparticles have substantial uses in the treatment of several diseases and in drug delivery systems and the nanoparticles are injected in the base fluid which is transported in the cardiovascular system on the mechanism of peristalsis. This study highlights the Casson hybrid nanofluid thermal inspection with blood base fluid. The copper and iron oxide nanoparticles are used to assess the hybrid nanofluid characteristics. The conduit for the present analysis is considered non-uniform complex wavy and curved. The base fluid is considered as a Casson fluid which reports the shear thinning and thickening consequences of blood base liquid. The fundamental conservation laws are utilized to model the flow problem and simplified under the assumption of long wavelength and creeping transport. The shooting method is used to compute the different flow and heat transfer characteristics The impact of various interesting parameters is examined graphically. 

Thermal performance of iron oxide and copper (Fe3O4, Cu) in hybrid nanofluid flow of Casson material with Hall current via complex wavy channel

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1873-7005/ab67d9/pdf

Cilia-driven fluid flow in a curved channel: effects of complex wave and porous medium

The monitoring of the ciliated walls in the uterine tube has supreme importance in enhancing the sperm to reach the egg (capacitation processes), and at peristaltic ciliary flow has a more favorable residual time along the canal when compared to the peristaltic flow. Based on the importance of this study, a mathematical simulation of this process has been carried out by studying the behavior of a non-Newtonian magnetized fluid with a Darcy flow model with an oscillating wall having an internal ciliated surface. The governing equation is formed with Eyring-Powell fluid (tubal fallopian fluid) without using any approximations and solved using the Adomian analysis method. Using the vorticity formula, the components of the velocity function, pressure gradient, and stream function are obtained. The influence of relevant parameters is explained through diagramming and discussion. We also analyzed the residue time effects on the flow parameters. The results indicate that peristaltic ciliary flow has a more favorable residual time along the canal when compared to peristaltic flow.

Residual time of sinusoidal metachronal ciliary flow of non-Newtonian fluid through ciliated walls: fertilization and implantation

The present theoretical assessment deals with the peristaltic-ciliary transport of a developing embryo within a fallopian tubal fluid in the human fallopian tube. A mathematical model of peristalsis-cilia induced flow of a linearly viscous fluid within a fallopian tubal fluid in a finite two-dimensional narrow tube is developed. The lubrication approximation theory is used to solve the resulting partial differential equation. The expressions for axial and radial velocities, pressure gradient, stream function, volume flow rate, and time mean volume flow rate are derived. Numerical integration is performed for the appropriate residue time over the wavelength and the pressure difference over the wavelength. Moreover, the plots of axial velocity, the appropriate residue time over wavelength, the vector, the pressure difference over wavelength, and the streamlines are displayed and discussed for emerging parameters and constants. Salient features of the pumping characteristics and the trapping phenomenon are discussed in detail. Furthermore, a comparison between the peristaltic flow and the peristaltic-ciliary flow is made as the special case. Relevance of the current results to the transport of a developing embryo within a fallopian tubal fluid from ampulla to the intramural in the fallopian tube is also explored. It reveals the fact that cilia along with peristalsis helps to complete the required mitotic divisions while transporting the developing embryo within a fallopian tubal fluid in the human fallopian tube.

Fallopian tube assessment of the peristaltic-ciliary flow of a linearly viscous fluid in a finite narrow tube

Fallopian tube analysis of the peristaltic-ciliary flow of third grade fluid in a finite narrow tube

The present prospective theoretical analysis concerns with the peristalsis-cilia induced transport of a developing embryo from ampulla to intramural, in the human fallopian tube. A model of peristalsis-cilia induced flow of the Johnson–Segalman fluid within fallopian tubal fluid in a finite two dimensional narrow tube is developed. We solved highly non-linear PDE emerging from the modeling of proposed model using perturbation method. The series expressions for flow variables like axial and radial velocities, pressure gradient, stream function, volume flow rate and time mean volume flow rate are derived. The numerical integration is performed for appropriate residue time over tube length and pressure difference over wavelength. The analysis delineated that, involved parameters and constants have vice versa effects on axial velocity and appropriate residue time over tube length. Striking features of the pumping characteristics and the trapping phenomenon are discussed in detail. Furthermore, comparison of the peristaltic flow with the peristaltic-ciliary flow and Johnson–Segalman fluid with the linearly viscous fluid is made. It is revealed that appropriate residue time of the Johnson–Segalman fluid in the narrow tube is 3–4 days, which agreed with the time taken by the developing embryo from ampulla to intramural, in the human fallopian tube.

Analysis of the peristaltic-ciliary flow of Johnson-Segalman fluid induced by peristalsis-cilia of the human fallopian tube.

The present paper theoretically accords a biomechanical model with a brief biological and mathematical description of the growing embryo transport in the human fallopian tube. This model incorporates transport mechanisms that involve the pressure gradient at the ampullar region entrance, peristaltic contractions of smooth muscle cells and swaying motions of ciliary cells. Shear rate dependent viscoelastic fluid characterizes the nature of growing embryo and secreted fluid. The pressure gradient at the ampullar region entrance ξ , metachronal wave parameter ∊ , amplitude ratio ϕ , the ratio of shear viscosity at infinity shear rate to shear viscosity at zero shear rate μ ∞ / 0 and Weissenberg number We emerged as flow control parameters. The assessment showed that the fluid model parameters ( μ ∞ / 0 and We) have opposite effects on appropriate residue time, boluses size and local flow behaviour. Progesterone ( P 4 ) and estradiol ( E 2 ), prostaglandin E 2 ( PGE 2 ) and prostaglandin F 2 α ( PGF 2 α ) constraint the fluid motion by controlling the ξ , secretion of the fluid through the goblet cells and amplitudes of both the sinusoidal and the metachronal waves. Furthermore, a comparison between the current results and available literature is made. The relevance of the obtained results with the growing embryo transport in the human fallopian tube is also explored.

Flow assessment of the shear rate dependent viscoelastic fluid: Application of biomechanics in growing human embryo transport

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Papers

Fallopian tube assessment of the peristaltic-ciliary flow of a linearly viscous fluid in a finite narrow tube

Fallopian tube analysis of the peristaltic-ciliary flow of third grade fluid in a finite narrow tube

Analysis of the peristaltic-ciliary flow of Johnson-Segalman fluid induced by peristalsis-cilia of the human fallopian tube.

Flow assessment of the shear rate dependent viscoelastic fluid: Application of biomechanics in growing human embryo transport