Semiconductor detectors have been known for more than 50 years, however their tracking capabilities, exhibiting spatial resolution in the 5–10 μm range, began to be explored only in the beginning of the 1980s, when experimental physics began to search for detectors to measure short-living particles. The introduction of planar technology provided a boost to the industrial production and use of silicon strip detectors. The next essential step came with the development of a dedicated VLSI readout, which allowed for integration of detectors and electronics. Efforts towards obtaining two-dimensional detectors were initiated right from the beginning, with CCD devices being the subject of early investigation. A second line of development involved pixel devices with thick sensitive layers—they began to be successfully implemented in experiments towards the end of the 1990s. Radiation effects in detectors and electronics were recognized early, however it took many years to understand the physics of radiation damage—currently, we possess detectors and electronics capable of surviving doses of 10 Mrad and fluxes of 10 14  neutrons/cm 2 , or higher. Nowadays, all particle physics spectrometers have inbuilt vertex detectors, which deliver excellent results. The application of silicon tracking detectors has expanded to nuclear physics, solid-state physics, astrophysics, biology and medicine.

Silicon tracking detectors—historical overview

The modern status of the field of development of silicon detectors of charged particles and x/γ rays is considered. The types and characteristics of spectrometric detectors are briefly described; the predominant attention is given to track devices. The results of studies of the radiation resistance of silicon detectors are presented.

Silicon radiation detectors ( Review )

The fast and slow control of the central silicon tracker in H1 is performed by means of an ASIC decoder chip having four digital input lines. These control signals as well as the analog hit signals are transmitted to and from the detector through 34 m of optical fibers, which are composed of three connectable multifiber cables.

/pdf/optical-analog-readout-and-control-of-the-central-silicon-w6mt905nxc.pdf

Optical analog readout and control of the central silicon vertex detector of h1 at hera

The measurements of the partial decay widths and forward-backward asymmetries for and test the Z-couplings to the initial state -pair and the heavy quarks in the final state. The four LEP detectors have registered about four million hadronic Z-decays each and SLD at SLC has recorded 300 000 Z-decays with highly polarized electron beams. The high statistics as well as the good tracking, vertexing and particle identification capabilities of the detectors allow high-precision measurements of these quantities. The measurements of the electroweak observables with heavy quarks are reviewed. The results of the different analyses are combined and interpreted within the framework of the standard model (SM) of electroweak interactions. In all cases good agreement with the SM predictions is found, severely limiting the room for modifications of these quantities from new physics.

/pdf/status-of-electroweak-tests-with-heavy-quarks-1ayutxnnd2.pdf

Status of electroweak tests with heavy quarks

The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS-01) has successfully performed in a precursor flight in June 1998. The experiment is scheduled for a 3-year operation on the International Space Station (ISS) in the year 2003. For the ISS flight, the completion of the tracker as well as a major upgrade of the detector (AMS-02) is in progress. In this contribution, we present results from the AMS-01 silicon tracker construction and describe the organization of the assembly for phase 2. Given the large scale of this silicon detector, the involvement of private industries in the construction is addressed.

The AMS-01 silicon tracker assembly and the industrial approach to detector construction

The status of the Silicon Microvertex Detector (SMD) and its installation into the LEP-L3 experiment are presented, highlighting novel features and sophisticated techniques. Preliminary results based on 1993 data are given and compared with Monte Carlo predictions, to understand the detector performances and its tracking capabilities.

/pdf/the-l3-silicon-microvertex-detector-installation-and-results-42m6lm5do1.pdf

The L3 Silicon Microvertex Detector: installation and results on 1993 performance

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The L3 Silicon Microvertex Detector: installation and results on 1993 performance