Since its initial detection in Turkey in 2009, the invasive destructive pest South American tomato pinworm Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) has started its new invasion journey to east and invaded most Asian countries. This pest currently causes extensive damage to tomato production and potentially threatens key production areas such as China. To provide an overview of current status of T. absoluta in Asia, we have briefly reviewed the damage and economic impacts by this pest locally and discussed why this species has spread so rapidly among the countries. Moreover, ongoing integrated pest management options are summarized in newly invaded areas with an emphasis of discussing the potential control failures by chemical insecticides. Future research efforts on developing promising management technologies are recommended. Finally, we suggest building a cross-regional network to enhance the sustainable control of this pest.

Tuta absoluta continues to disperse in Asia: damage, ongoing management and future challenges

Soil abiotic factors and plant traits are able to trigger bottom-up effects along the tri-trophic plant–herbivore–natural enemy interactions. The consequences could be useful for controlling the insect herbivores. The South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), a devastating invasive leaf-mining pest on tomato and other solanaceous plants, is currently threatening the tomato production worldwide. Recent knowledge of bottom-up effects on this pest has been gained, with fertilization, irrigation, plant resistance traits, as well as their interactions, being the major sources of these effects. Evidence is now emerging on how they impact on the performance of the moth from the perspective of tri-trophic interactions. In this review, we summarize the essential experiments studying the bottom-up effects on T. absoluta and discuss the implications of those findings for the Integrated Pest Management programs. Future promising research directions are then proposed.

/pdf/bottom-up-effects-of-irrigation-fertilization-and-plant-20aq91wbqj.pdf

Bottom-up effects of irrigation, fertilization and plant resistance on Tuta absoluta: implications for Integrated Pest Management

Une revue des plantes hotes de Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) et leur impact sur les strategies de gestion Introduction. Tuta absoluta est l'un des ravageurs les plus nuisibles des cultures de tomate dans le monde. Bien que ses plantes hotes incluent principalement des especes de Solanacees, des etudes recentes suggerent que cet insecte peut pondre et se developper sur une large gamme de plantes sauvages et cultivees. Il n’existe pas de liste complete des plantes hotes basee sur les donnees scientifiques disponibles. Ces informations sont importantes pour ceux qui souhaitent mettre en œuvre des strategies de gestion integree contre cet organisme nuisible, notamment lorsqu'il s'agit d'identifier les hotes reservoirs, ou l'espece peut survivre entre les recoltes ou eviter l'exposition a des insecticides. Litterature. Des plantes sauvages et cultivees appartenant aux Solanacees, Amarantacees, Euphorbiacees, Cucurbitacees, Geraniacees, Fabacees, Asteracees et Malvacees, permettant un developpement œuf-imago partiel ou complet, ont ete identifiees. La plupart des plantes non-Solanacees servent seulement comme un site d’oviposition (sans developpement larvaire possible) et quelques-unes permettent un cycle de vie partiel (mortalite prematuree des derniers stades larvaires). Une forte dependance vis-a-vis des cultivars pour la plupart des plantes cultivees telles que la tomate et la pomme de terre a ete identifiee. Conclusions. Nous discutons du potentiel des varietes de tomates resistantes ou genetiquement modifiees, des composes chimiques des plantes et de la fertilisation comme composante de strategies de lutte integree contre T. absoluta.

/pdf/a-review-of-tuta-absoluta-lepidoptera-gelechiidae-host-1oqqzljq3n.pdf

A review of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) host plants and their impact on management strategies

Alternative host plants are among the key factors influencing the spread of invasive pests because they are utilized as a food source and provide shelter in unfavorable conditions. The South American tomato pinworm (SATP), Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), has a high behavioral and physiological plasticity enabling it to rapidly spread in several countries. Among the multiple strategies used by SATP in the invasion process is the use of alternative host plants including black nightshade (BNS), Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae), a perennial plant widely distributed across all habitats worldwide. Besides the life table and behavioral parameters of SATP on tomato, its survival and reproduction in low temperatures on alternative host plants should be assessed to evaluate the likely spread in temperate regions with harsh winters. In our study, comparing solanaceous species through generations, the primary difference was in the mean generation time with SATP reared on BNS, whereby it had a longer development time than larvae and pupae reared on tomato plants. Adults preferred tomato plants even if they had been reared as larvae on BNS. Exposure periods of 7, 14, and 21 days to 4 °C indicated that more than 50% of SATP pupae reared on BNS plants survived more than 14 days. The survival of SATP reared on tomato plants exceeded 21 days and after exposure to 4 °C, females reared on both plants remained fertile. The life table and behavioral parameters recorded demonstrated a significant potential of BNS to support the development of SATP, also at low temperature. Therefore, even with effective border surveillance and phytosanitation processes in place, invasion through an alternative host is possible and difficult to detect.

Impact of low temperature and host plant on Tuta absoluta

Tomato plants are attacked by a variety of herbivore pests and among them, the leafminer Tuta absoluta, which is currently a major threat to global tomato production. Although the commercial tomato is susceptible to T. absoluta attacks, a better understanding of the defensive plant responses to this pest will help in defining plant resistance traits and broaden the range of agronomic levers that can be used for an effective integrated pest management strategy over the crop cycle. In this study, we developed an integrative approach combining untargeted metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses to characterize the local and systemic metabolic responses of young tomato plants to T. absoluta larvae herbivory. From metabolomic analyses, the tomato response appeared to be both local and systemic, with a local response in infested leaves being much more intense than in other parts of the plant. The main response was a massive accumulation of phenolamides with great structural diversity, including rare derivatives composed of spermine and dihydrocinnamic acids. The accumulation of this family of specialized metabolites was supported by transcriptomic data, which showed induction of both phenylpropanoid and polyamine precursor pathways. Moreover, our transcriptomic data identified two genes strongly induced by T. absoluta herbivory, that we functionally characterized as putrescine hydroxycinnamoyl transferases. They catalyze the biosynthesis of several phenolamides, among which is caffeoylputrescine. Overall, this study provided new mechanistic clues of the tomato/T. absoluta interaction.

/pdf/transcriptomics-and-metabolomics-analyses-reveal-high-2elxvegh.pdf

Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Analyses Reveal High Induction of the Phenolamide Pathway in Tomato Plants Attacked by the Leafminer Tuta absoluta

The tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is a devastating pest of tomato plants originating from South America. In this study, the effect of three tomato cultivars on the life table parameters of T. absoluta was investigated. Data were analysed based on age-stage, two-sex life table theory. The net reproduction rate (R0) of T. absoluta on Falkato, Isabella and Grandella cultivars was determined as 15.73 ± 3.35, 17.66 ± 3.33 and 10.03 ± 4.10 eggs, respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) value on those cultivars was 0.09 ± 0.007, 0.095 ± 0.006 and 0.074 ± 0.017 day−1, respectively. Finite population rates of increase (λ) were 1.095 ± 0.008, 1.099 ± 0.007 and 1.076 ± 0.018 day−1, and mean generation times (T) on the three cultivars were 30.09 ± 0.29, 30.22 ± 0.27 and 31.12 ± 0.65 days, respectively. The egg incubation period, pre-adult duration and fecundity on these tomato cultivars was also calculated. The results showed no significant differences between r, R0, and T on the three tested tomato cultivars. These findings can be useful for developing an integrated pest management strategy against this noxious pest.

Life table parameters of the tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on different tomato cultivars

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Life table parameters of the tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on different tomato cultivars