By-products management from industrial and natural (agriculture, aviculture, and others) activities and products are critical for promoting sustainability, reducing pollution, increasing storage space, minimising landfills, reducing energy consumption, and facilitating a circular economy. One of the sustainable waste management approaches is utilising them in developing biocomposites. Biocomposites are eco-friendly materials because of their sustainability and environmental benefits that have comparable performance properties to the synthetic counterparts. Biocomposites can be developed from both renewable and industrial waste, making them both energy efficient and sustainable. Because of their low weight and high strength, biocomposite materials in applications such as automobiles can minimise fuel consumption and conserve energy. Furthermore, biocomposites in energy-based applications could lead to savings in both the economy and energy consumption. Herein, a review of biocomposites made from various wastes and their related key properties (e.g. mechanical and fire) are provided. The article systematically highlights the individual wastes/by-products from agriculture and materials processing industries for composites manufacturing in terms of their waste components (materials), modifications, resultant properties, applications and energy efficiency. Finally, a perspective for the future of biowastes and industrial wastes in polymer composites is discussed. 

Natural and industrial wastes for sustainable and renewable polymer composites

Wheat straw hemicelluloses added with cellulose nanocrystals and citric acid. Effect on film physical properties.

The micro-, submicron-, and nanoplastic hunt: A review of detection methods for plastic particles.

Palm kernel shell (PKS)-filled low-density polyethylene (LDPE) composites was studied. The polyethylene co-acrylic acid (PEAA) was used as compatibilizer. The tensile properties, thermal analysis, ...

Properties of low-density polyethylene/palm kernel shell composites: Effect of polyethylene co-acrylic acid:

Agrowaste biocomposites were obtained using peanut husk filler and LDPE. The effects of agrofiller content and compatibilizer on the mechanical and biodegradable properties of the composites have been discussed. Mechanical and biodegradable behaviour of LDPE became noticeably worse when it was blended with agrofiller, due to poor compatibility between the two phases. The presence of MAPE in the composites and its compatibility with the agrofiller, led to much better dispersion and homogeneity of agrofiller in the matrix and consequently to improved properties. Water absorption and thickness swelling indices increased with increasing filler content and were reduced on addition of MAPE. Furthermore, weight loss of composites via enzymatic degradation showed that both composites were biodegradable even at high levels of filler addition. However, composites with MAPE exhibited lower weight loss.

/pdf/peanut-husk-filled-polyethylene-composites-effects-of-filler-33c552yida.pdf

Peanut Husk Filled Polyethylene Composites: Effects of Filler Content and Compatibilizer on Properties

The surface of palm kernel was modified by acrylic acid (AA). Low density polyethylene (LDPE) was filled by palm kernel shell at various 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 php. The effect of AA as a coupling agent on LDPE/PKS biocomposites on tensile properties and morphology was investigated. The results show that the increasing of filler content decreased the tensile strength and break elongation but increased the Young's modulus. The presence of AA indicates higher tensile strength and Young's modulus but lower elongation at break compared to untreated LDPE/PKS biocomposites. The scanning electron microscope study show that the better interfacial interaction between palm kernel shell and low density polyethylene with addition of AA.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/11/1/012001/pdf

Tensile properties of low density polypropylene (LDPE)/palm kernel shell (PKS) biocomposites: The effect of acrylic acid (AA)

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Properties of low-density polyethylene/palm kernel shell composites: Effect of polyethylene co-acrylic acid:

Tensile properties of low density polypropylene (LDPE)/palm kernel shell (PKS) biocomposites: The effect of acrylic acid (AA)