The middle space of migration: a case study on brokerage and recruitment agencies in Nepal

Migration is increasing in the middle hills of Nepal, and it has diverse consequences for the people remaining behind, their livelihoods, and the way they manage their land. This study explored the complex and interrelated effects of migration on land and people in the Harpan watershed, Kaski District, western Nepal. Surveys and focus group discussions were used to explore the reasons for decisions on land management and migration. In addition, remote sensing and fieldwork were used to map the extent of land abandonment. Our study found that almost three quarters of the households have at least 1 migrant member receiving on average US$ 206 per month in remittances. Remittances were used mainly for food and goods and to a much lesser extent for agriculture. In addition to international migration, substantial migration occurs within the area. Once livelihoods permit, whole families choose to migrate to market areas, from uphill to downhill communities. This has led to land abandonment and an increase in forest cover in the upper part of the watershed and has also increased pressure on the land and exposure to flooding in the lower part.

/pdf/the-effects-of-migration-on-livelihoods-land-management-and-3iev69pgh8.pdf

The Effects of Migration on Livelihoods, Land Management, and Vulnerability to Natural Disasters in the Harpan Watershed in Western Nepal

Labour migration in Nepal is having profound effects on land management. We take two examples from the hills of Nepal where the increasing trend in outmigration continues unabated and explore its consequences. The purpose of this study is to understand the impacts of the subsequent labour shortage on land management and how it affects households. We used data from two surveys and assessed land use change and degradation with a qualitative mapping method. The findings show that the local context leads to very different strategies in terms of land management. In one study area, land was left to lie fallow without any use, leading to overgrowth and forest recovery due to favourable climate conditions. In the other, land was no longer used as cropland but turned into grazing land with consequences such as land degradation. This study provides strong empirical data and also contributes to the mountain research community by shedding light on the effects of outmigration on land management in the hills of Nepal. We suggest that these effects, including the labour shortage and the increasingly important role of remittances, should be addressed in an integrative but differentiated way that takes into account the regional context.

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/5/1349/pdf

Labour Migration in the Middle Hills of Nepal: Consequences on Land Management Strategies

Migration futures in Asia and Africa: economic opportunities and distributional effects – the case of Pakistan

How does Nepal's Child Grant work for Dalit children and their families?

/pdf/migration-from-the-margins-mobility-vulnerability-and-2j8wuoe6lo.pdf

Migration from the margins: mobility, vulnerability and inevitability in mid-western Nepal and north-western Pakistan

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Migration from the margins: mobility, vulnerability and inevitability in mid-western Nepal and north-western Pakistan