[서평]「The Unified Modeling Language User Guide」

Traditionally, process-ware information systems (PAISs) have focused on the support of predictable and repetitive business processes. Even though respective processes are suited to be fully pre-specified in a process model, flexibility is required to support dynamic process adaptations in case of exceptions. Flexibility is also needed to accommodate the need for evolving business processes and to cope with business process variability. Furthermore, PAISs are increasingly used to support less structured processes which can often be characterized as knowledgeintensive. Processes of this category are neither fully predictable nor repetitive, and therefore cannot be fully pre-specified at build-time. The (partial) unpredictability of these processes also demands a certain amount of looseness. This chapter deals with the flexibility needs of both pre-specified and loosely-specified processes and elicitates requirements for flexible process support in a PAIS. In addition, the chapter discusses PAIS features needed to accommodate flexibility needs in practice like, for example, traceability, business compliance and user support.

Enabling Flexibility in Process-Aware Information Systems

Companies increasingly adopt process management systems (PrMS) that offer promising perspectives for more flexible and efficient process execution. However, there still exist many processes in practice which are not adequately supported by contemporary PrMS. We believe that a major reason for this deficiency stems from the unsatisfactory integration of processes and data in existing PrMS. Despite emerging approaches that address this integration, a unified and comprehensive understanding of object-awareness in connection with process management is still missing. To remedy this deficiency, we extensively analyzed various processes from different domains which are not adequately supported by existing PrMS. As a major insight we learned that in many cases comprehensive process support requires object-awareness. In particular, process support has to consider object behavior as well as object interactions, and should therefore be based on two levels of granularity. Besides this, object-awareness requires data-driven process execution and integrated access to processes and data. This paper presents the basic properties of object-aware processes as well as fundamental requirements for their operational support. It further introduces our PHILharmonicFlows framework which addresses these requirements and enables object-aware process management in a comprehensive manner. Finally, we evaluate this framework along several process scenarios. We believe that a holistic approach integrating data, processes and users offers promising perspectives in order to overcome the numerous limitations of contemporary PrMS. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

PHILharmonicFlows: towards a framework for object-aware process management

In comprehensive case studies we found out that many limitations of existing Process Management Systems (PrMS) can be traced back to the unsatisfactory integration of processes and data. In this PhD project, we aim at a deep and extensive understanding of the inherent relationships between processes and data, and thus want to overcome some of the fundamental limitations known from activity-centered PrMS. Overall, we target at a comprehensive framework providing integrated
access to processes, data, and functions to its users.

/pdf/towards-a-framework-for-object-aware-process-management-4ezcsezie5.pdf

Towards a Framework for Object-aware Process Management

Business artifacts (BAs, or artifacts) are used to model conceptual entities that are central to guiding the operations of a business, and whose content changes as they move through those operations. The recently introduced Guard-Stage-Milestone (GSM) meta-model for artifact lifecycles is declarative in nature, and allows concurrent execution of long-running (possibly human-executed) activities. Modularity is incorporated through the use of hierarchical clustering of activities. The GSM operational semantics is based on a variant of Event-Condition-Action (ECA) rules, which are used to control the start and termination of individual and composite activities. This paper introduces, in an abstract setting, three different and provably equivalent formulations of the GSM operational semantics. The semantics is specified in terms of how a single external event is incorporated into the current "snapshot" (i.e. full description) of a running execution of an artifact model. The "incremental" formulation corresponds to the sequential application of the ECA-like rules in response to the event; the "fixpoint" formulation characterizes the mathematical properties of pairs of snapshots corresponding to the full impact of incorporating the event; and the "closedform" formulation captures the fixpoint one in terms of first-order logic. The paper introduces a formally specified well-formedness condition on GSM models that guarantees the equivalence of the three formulations while permitting all of the commonly arising patterns for using GSM constructs to model business operations.

On the equivalence of incremental and fixpoint semantics for business artifacts with guard-stage-milestone lifecycles

Mainstream business process modelling techniques often promote a design paradigm wherein the activities that may be performed within a case, together with their usual execution order, form the backbone on top of which other aspects are anchored. This Fordist paradigm, while effective in standardised and production-oriented domains, breaks when confronted with processes in which case-by-case variations and exceptions are the norm. We contend that the effective design of flexible processes calls for a substantially different modelling paradigm. Motivated by requirements from the human services domain, we explore the hypothesis that a framework consisting of a small set of coordination concepts, combined with established object-oriented modelling principles, provides a suitable foundation for designing highly flexible processes. Several human service delivery processes have been designed using this framework, and the resulting models have been used to realise a system to support these processes in a pilot environment.

/pdf/a-flexible-object-centric-approach-for-business-process-4gy2pui19g.pdf

A flexible, object-centric approach for business process modelling

Mainstream business process modelling techniques promote a design paradigm wherein the activities that may be performed within a case, together with their usual execution order, form the backbone on top of which other aspects are anchored. This Fordist paradigm, while effective in standardised and production-oriented domains, breaks when confronted with processes in which case-by-case variations and exceptions are the norm. We contend that the effective design of flexible processes calls for a substantially different modelling paradigm: one where processes are organized as interacting business objects rather than as chains of activities. This paper presents a meta-model for business process modelling based on business objects. The paper also presents a real-life case study in which a number of human service delivery processes were designed using the presented meta-model. The case study demonstrates that the meta-model addresses three key flexibility requirements encountered in this domain.

/pdf/modelling-flexible-processes-with-business-objects-1veatubg2i.pdf

Modelling Flexible Processes with Business Objects

Object-oriented modelling is an established approach to document the information systems. In an object model, a system is captured in terms of object types and associations, state machines, collaboration diagrams, etc. Process modeling on the other hand, provides a different approach whereby behaviour is captured in terms of activities, flow dependencies, resources, etc. These two approaches have their relative advantages. In object models, behaviour is split across object types, whereas in process models, behaviour is captured along chains of logically related tasks. Also, object models and process models lend themselves to different styles of implementation. There is an opportunity to leverage the relative advantages of object models and process models by creating integrated meta-models and transformations so that modellers can switch between these views. In this paper we define a transformation from a meta-model for object behavior modeling to a metamodel for process modeling. The transformation relies on the identification of causal relations in the object model. These relations are encoded in a heuristics net from which a process model is derived.

/pdf/transforming-object-oriented-models-to-process-oriented-136h7uppg2.pdf

Transforming object-oriented models to process-oriented models

Object-oriented modeling is an established approach to document information systems. In an object model, a system is captured in terms of object types and associations, state machines and collaboration diagrams, among others. Process modeling on the other hand, provides a different approach whereby behavior is captured in terms of activities, flow dependencies, resources, etc. These two approaches have their relative advantages. Also, object models and process models lend themselves to different styles of implementation. In this paper we define a transformation from a meta-model for object behavior modeling to a meta-model for process modeling. The transformation relies on the identification of causal relations in the object model. These relations are encoded in a heuristics net from which a process model is derived and then simplified. Using this transformation, it becomes possible to apply established object-oriented techniques during system analysis and design, and to transform the resulting object models into executable process models that can be deployed in a workflow engine. The proposal has been implemented in an object modeling tool.

/pdf/generating-business-process-models-from-object-behavior-2g5td0i1tz.pdf

Generating Business Process Models from Object Behavior Models

A method of monitoring a load includes monitoring an initial state output signal and a current state output signal generated by one or more load sensors positioned about a load storage device. The initial and current state output signals are compared to determine changes in the load positioned upon the load storage device.

State tracking load storage system

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