The loop heat pipe (LHP) was invented in Russia in the early 1980’s. It is a two-phase heat transfer device that utilizes the evaporation and condensation of a working fluid to transfer heat, and the capillary forces developed in fine porous wicks to circulate the fluid. The LHP is known for its high pumping capability and robust operation because it uses finepored metal wicks and the integral evaporator/hydroaccumulator design. It has gained rapid acceptance in recent years as a thermal control device in space applications. This paper presents an overview of the LHP operation. The physical processes and the thermal-hydraulic behaviors of the LHP are first described. Operating characteristics as functions of various parameters including the heat load, sink temperature, ambient temperature, and elevation are presented. Peculiar behaviors in LHP operation such as temperature hysteresis and temperature overshoot during start-up are explained. Issues related to multiple -evaporator LHP’s are also addressed.

Operating Characteristics of Loop Heat Pipes

A review of small heat pipes for electronics

Parametric analysis of loop heat pipe operation: a literature review

A thermodynamic system includes a cyclical heat exchange system and a heat transfer system coupled to the cyclical heat exchange system to cool a portion of the cyclical heat exchange system. The heat transfer system includes an evaporator including a wall configured to be coupled to a portion of the cyclical heat exchange system and a primary wick coupled to the wall and a condenser coupled to the evaporator to form a closed loop that houses a working fluid.

Heat transfer system

A method of making an evaporator includes orienting a vapor barrier wall, orienting a liquid barrier wall, and positioning a wick between the vapor barrier wall and the liquid barrier wall. The vapor barrier wall is oriented such that a heat-absorbing surface of the vapor barrier wall defines at least a portion of an exterior surface of the evaporator. The exterior surface is configured to receive heat. The liquid barrier wall is oriented adjacent the vapor barrier wall. The liquid barrier wall has a surface configured to confine liquid. A vapor removal channel is defined at an interface between the wick and the vapor barrier wall. A liquid flow channel is defined between the liquid barrier wall and the primary wick.

Manufacture of a heat transfer system

Test Results of Reliable and Very High Capillary Multi-Evaporators / Condenser Loop

High performance Loop Heat Pipe (LHP) technology has advanced to the point that they are the baseline for thermal management for a lot of spacecraft applications. Temperature control and heat dissipation are performed in an efficient, and reliable way thanks to the LHP capillary pumping system. This article summarizes the objectives and performances of a secondary wick incorporated between evaporator and loop reservoir to get the optimum performances. Evaporator co-located with a reservoir is the baseline of LHP concept. This presentation will detail the reason why the thermal disconnection between the reservoir and the evaporator and their hydraulic coupling via a secondary wick is until today the best way to reach the optimum performances of LHP. Sometimes the secondary wick is combined with a bayonet. The article will compare the design without and with this bayonet in terms of impacts on secondary wick operation and performance limitations. The physical laws driving the secondary wick design are summarized. Their performance mapping and their impacts on the evaporator operation are shown. Finally the FLHP (Free LHP) concept is explained. This concept is intended to satisfy the needs of a freely located multi-evaporators loop. The article explains how secondary wicks are used when using evaporators not capillary linked to loop reservoir.

Secondary wick operation principle and performance mapping in LHP and FLHP evaporators

High Performance Capillary Loop, Operation Mapping and Applications on STENTOR

Development of Deployable Radiators at Alcatel Space

Convection and Interfacial Mass Exchange (CIMEX)

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