A review was presented to demonstrate a historical description of the synthesis of light-emitting conjugated polymers for applications in electroluminescent devices. Electroluminescence (EL) was first reported in poly(para-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) in 1990 and researchers continued to make significant efforts to develop conjugated materials as the active units in light-emitting devices (LED) to be used in display applications. Conjugated oligomers were used as luminescent materials and as models for conjugated polymers in the review. Oligomers were used to demonstrate a structure and property relationship to determine a key polymer property or to demonstrate a technique that was to be applied to polymers. The review focused on demonstrating the way polymer structures were made and the way their properties were controlled by intelligent and rational and synthetic design.

Synthesis of Light-Emitting Conjugated Polymers for Applications in Electroluminescent Devices

This review draws a rather comprehensive picture of how Suzuki polycondensation was discovered in 1989 and how it was subsequently developed into the most powerful polymerization method for polyarylenes during the last 20 years. It combines insights into synthetic issues with classes of polymers prepared and touches upon aspects of this method's technological importance. Because a significant part of the developmental work was carried out in industry, the present review makes reference to an unusually large number of patents.

Suzuki Polycondensation: Polyarylenes à la Carte

Surface and interface analysis for copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) and indium-tin-oxide (ITO) using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)

Prototypal photoluminescent nanofibres of poly-(p-phenylene-vinylene) (PPV) were prepared by the wetting template method in polycarbonate nanoporous membranes with an easy all-in solution polymer precursor route. Both nanowires and nanotubes were obtained by varying the dilution of the polymer precursor in methanol prior to thermal conversion. PPV nanotubes exhibit unique features, such as blue-shifted emission at 2.80 eV, higher quantum yield, and longer fluorescence lifetime with respect to PPV films. These effects are attributed to the cancellation of interchain interactions that are consistent with nanoscale tubular structures formed from weakly interacting and short polymer chain segments. The synthesis of these objects opens up perspectives for tunable photoluminescence properties in the blue spectral range and for biochemical applications.

Elaboration of conjugated polymer nanowires and nanotubes for tunable photoluminescence properties

A novel red luminescent material N,N-bis{4-[2-(4-dicyanomethylene-6-methyl-4H-pyran-2-yl)ethylene]phenyl}aniline (BDCM) with two (4-dicyanomethylene)-4H-pyran electron-acceptor moieties and a triphenylamine electron-donor moiety for application in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) was synthesized. The resultant compound has a sterically well-hindered structure and a high fluorescence yield. The photoluminescence (PL) of this compound in solution and solid film and the electroluminescence (EL) have been studied. Based on its intense sterically hindered structure, the pure BDCM film prepared shows a bright red PL emission. The three-layered EL device with the structure ITO/CuPc/DPPhP/BDCM/Mg:Ag has a turn-on voltage of less than 4 V, which suggests that BDCM has an excellent electron injection property. A bright luminance of 582 cd m−2
is obtained for the device at 19 V.

A novel n-type red luminescent material for organic light-emitting diodes

Organic electroluminescent device based on balanced carriers injection and transportation

Through a base-induced copolymerization of 4,4'-bis(bromomethyl) biphenyl and styrene, a series of poly(p-biphenylenevinylene-co-styrene) (PBPV-co-PS) copolymers (P 1 , P 2 , and P 3 ) have been synthesized. The obtained PBPV-co-PS copolymers were characterized with FTIR spectra, 1 H NMR spectra, and GPC. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra showed a clear blue shift as an increase in the amount of styrene added in the copolymerization, which indicates that the average conjugating length of PBPV segment in the copolymer is adjustable. Blue light emission with a maximum at 457 nm and a turn-on voltage of 9.0 V were observed from a single-layer device (ITO/ P 3 /Al) in which P 3 was used as an emitting material.

Novel blue light emitting copolymer with both conjugated and nonconjugated segments

Photoluminescence and electroluminescence properties of poly(p-phenylenevinylene–styrene) block copolymers with conjugated poly(p-phenylenevinylene) and nonconjugated polystyrene

Novel polyfluorene derivatives containing luminescence rhenium (I) complex in main chain

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Organic electroluminescent device based on balanced carriers injection and transportation

Novel blue light emitting copolymer with both conjugated and nonconjugated segments

Photoluminescence and electroluminescence properties of poly(p-phenylenevinylene–styrene) block copolymers with conjugated poly(p-phenylenevinylene) and nonconjugated polystyrene

Novel polyfluorene derivatives containing luminescence rhenium (I) complex in main chain