Magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) are a class of recently emerged smart materials whose moduli are largely influenced when exposed to an external magnetic field. The MREs are particulate composites, where micro-sized magnetic particles are dispersed inside a non-magnetic polymeric matrix. These elastomers are known for changing their mechanical and rheological properties in the presence of a magnetic field. This change in properties is widely known as the magnetorheological (MR) effect. The MR effect depends on a number of factors such as type of matrix materials, type, concentration and distribution of magnetic particles, use of additives, working modes, and magnetic field strength. The investigation of MREs’ mechanical properties in both off-field and on-field (i.e. absence and presence of a magnetic field) is crucial to deploy them in real engineering applications. The common magneto-mechanical characterization experiments of MREs include static and dynamic compression, tensile, and shear tests in both off-field and on-field. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the magneto-mechanical characterizations of MREs along with brief coverage of the MRE materials and their fabrication methods.

/pdf/a-review-on-magneto-mechanical-characterizations-of-44oze4h4zx.pdf

A review on magneto-mechanical characterizations of magnetorheological elastomers

Hydrogen is a clean energy source with a relatively low pollution footprint. However, hydrogen does not exist in nature as a separate element but only in compound forms. Hydrogen is produced throug...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/19942060.2018.1452296

Computational intelligence approach for modeling hydrogen production: a review

Chemical-looping combustion (CLC) and chemical-looping reforming (CLR) involve the use of a metal oxide as an oxygen carrier which transfers oxygen from combustion air to the fuel. Two interconnected fluidized beds, a fuel reactor, and an air reactor are used in both processes. In the fuel reactor, the fuel is oxidized by a metal oxide, and in the air reactor, the reduced metal is oxidized back to the original phase. In CLC, a high conversion of the fuel to CO2 and H2O is required in the fuel reactor, whereas only a partial oxidation of the fuel is desired in CLR. Oxides of Ni, Cu, Fe, and Mn supported on SiO2 and MgAl2O4 were prepared by dry impregnation and investigated under alternating reducing and oxidizing conditions in a thermogravimetric analyzer at 800−1000 °C using fuel (10% CH4, 10% H2O, and 5% CO2) and oxidizing gas (5% O2). NiO and CuO supported on both SiO2 and MgAl2O4 showed very high reactivity. However, the reactivity of NiO/SiO2 decreased as a function of the cycle number at 950 °C but w...

Redox investigation of some oxides of transition-state metals, Ni, Cu, Fe, and Mn Supported on SiO2

A new method for linear hybrid multibody system dynamics is proposed in this paper. This method, named as transfer matrix method of linear multibody system (MSTMM), expands the advantages of the traditional transfer matrix method (TMM). The concepts of augmented eigenvector and equation of motion of linear hybrid multibody system are presented at first to find the orthogonality and to analyze the responses of the hybrid multibody system using modal method. If using this method, the global dynamics equation is not needed in the study of linear hybrid multibody system dynamics. The MSTMM has a small size of matrix and higher computational speed, and can be applied to linear multi-rigid-body system dynamics, linear multi-flexible-body system dynamics and linear hybrid multibody system dynamics. This method is simple, straightforward, practical, and provides a powerful tool for the study on linear hybrid multibody system dynamics. This method can be used in the following: (1) Solve the eigenvalue problem of linear hybrid multibody systems. (2) Obtain the orthogonality of eigenvectors of linear hybrid multibody systems. (3) Realize the accurate analysis of the dynamics response of linear hybrid multibody systems. (4) Find the connected parameters between bodies used in the computation of linear hybrid multibody systems. A practical engineering system is taken as an example of linear multi-rigid-flexible-body system, the dynamics model, the transfer equations and transfer matrices of various bodies and hinges; the overall transfer equation and overall transfer matrix of the system are developed. Numerical example shows that the results of the vibration characteristics and the response of the hybrid multibody system received by MSTMM and by experiment have good agreements. These validate the proposed method.

Transfer matrix method for linear multibody system

The current situation of China's coal chemical industry faces many problems: 1) This industry causes environmental pollution; 2) employs inadequate environmental management system, wastewater pollution control standards, and energy consumption standards; 3) lacks environmental standards applicable to the coal chemical industry; 4) suffers from poor implementation of technical standards for coal use; 5) and lacks top-level design of a high salinity wastewater standard. A modern coal chemical industry demonstration area should be established to promote industrial agglomeration and development. Therefore, several suggestions are put forward to promote the modernization of the coal chemical industry: 1) The responsibilities, supervision tasks, scope, and implementation rules of local environmental law enforcement and supervision agencies should be improved and clarified at all levels; consequently, law enforcement and supervision work would be backed up by relevant laws. 2) To decrease the treatment cost of highly saline wastewater, a corresponding subsidy scheme should be formulated. 3) Research on the top-level design of the standard system for saline wastewater should be accelerated to standardize the treatment of saline wastewater. 4) Coal chemical enterprises should integrate environmental management into their daily production management system, constantly improve their management level, and reduce pollution generation and emission. 5) Furthermore, it is necessary to consider the recycling of wastes and both the separation and recovery of valuable resources as part of the treatment of wastewater from the coal chemical industry. 6) Moreover, economic policies can be used because economic leverage may be more effective than administrative orders or even regulations. 7) Finally, cooperation should be increased to promote the “green development, circular development, and low-carbon development” of the modern coal chemical industry.

Pollution control of wastewater from the coal chemical industry in China: Environmental management policy and technical standards

Flexible multibody system dynamics (MSD) is one of the hot spots and difficulties in modern mechanics. It provides a powerful theoretical tool and technical support for dynamic performance evaluation and optimization design of a large number of complex systems in many engineering fields, such as machinery, aviation, aerospace, weapon, robot and biological engineering. How to find an efficient accurate dynamics modeling method and its stable reliable numerical solving algorithm are the two core problems of flexible MSD. In this paper, the research status of modeling methods of flexible MSD in recent years is summarized first, including the selection of reference frames, the flexible body’s kinematics descriptions, the deductions of dynamics equation, the model reduction techniques and the modeling methods of the contact/collision, uncertainty and multi-field coupling problems. Then, numerical solution technologies and their latest developments of flexible MSD are discussed in detail. Finally, the future research directions of modeling and numerical computation of flexible MSD are briefly prospected.

Theoretical modeling and numerical solution methods for flexible multibody system dynamics

Transfer Matrix Method for Multibody Systems: Theory and Applications

CO 2 and SO 2 sorption on the alkali metals doped CaO(100)surface: A DFT-D study

• Establish Bi-LSTM Framework to correct the bias of daily IMERG-E in Malaysia. • Daily Max & Min T contribute to Bi-LSTM much more than DEM and distance to coast. • Statistically compare seasonal bias correction performance among various methods. • Bi-LSTM-T significantly outperforms RBC and CDF throughout the four seasons. • Bi-LSTM-T could reduce the RMSE of IMERG-E by 18.4–30.0% over the four seasons. The high spatiotemporal variability of rainfall in tropical regions has posed a great challenge for generating satisfactory satellite precipitation products (SPPs). Most of previous studies have found a modest performance of various SPPs in estimating daily rainfall in tropical regions such as Malaysia. In-depth research on effective ways to correct the bias of SPPs in the tropical region is urgently needed. This study aims to establish a bidirectional long short-term memory recurrent network (Bi-LSTM) framework for the bias correction of SPPs, and apply it to correct daily rainfall estimates of the early runs of Integrated Multisatellite Retrievals for the Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG-E) from 2010 to 2016 in the Kelantan River Basin, Malaysia. After optimization and statistical comparison, Bi-LSTM with the covariates of daily maximum and minimum temperature (Bi-LSTM-T) was determined to be the best model for bias correction. Annually, Bi-LSTM-T could raise the correlation coefficient (CC) of IMERG-E by 26.7%, while reducing its root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) by 23.9% and 21.7% in the Kelantan River Basin. In the four seasons, it increased the CC of IMERG-E by 19.7–27.5%, while decreasing its RMSE and MAE by 18.4–30.0% and 20.9–23.2%. Multiple statistical tests confirmed that Bi-LSTM-T significantly outperformed two benchmark methods, namely ratio bias correction (RBC) and cumulative distribution function (CDF) matching, in correcting the bias of IMERG-E for all four seasons. This suggests that the Bi-LSTM-T model may work as a promising framework of great potentials for correcting the bias of SPPs in tropical regions, where adequate precipitation data are in great need for diverse purposes such as water-related disaster prevention and mitigation. 

Correcting the Bias of Daily Satellite Precipitation Estimates in Tropical Regions Using Deep Neural Network

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