3.2. Preparation 4090 3.3. Intermediate Layers 4090 3.4. Support 4090 3.5. Modification 4091 3.5.1. Silica Membrane Modification 4091 3.5.2. Membrane Structure Modification 4092 3.6. Operational Stability 4092 4. Zeolite Membranes 4092 4.1. Membrane Growth Methods 4093 4.2. Permeation and Gas Transport 4093 4.3. Defect Site Diffusion/Nonzeolitic Pores 4094 4.4. Thin Films 4094 4.5. Zeolite Membrane Modification 4094 4.6. CO2 Sequestration in H2 Separations 4095 4.7. Manufacturing 4095 5. Carbon-Based Membranes 4096 5.1. Carbon Membrane Preparations 4097 5.2. Carbon Membrane Post-treatment 4097 5.3. Carbon Membrane Module Construction 4097 5.4. Selective Surface Flow Membranes 4097 5.5. Disadvantages of Carbon Membranes 4098 5.6. Molecular Sieving Carbon Membranes 4098 5.7. Carbon Nanotubes 4099 6. Polymer Membranes for H2 Separations 4100 6.1. Dense Polymeric Membranes 4100 6.2. Hydrogen Selective Polymeric Membranes 4101 6.3. H2 versus CO2 Selective Polymeric Membranes 4103

Membranes for hydrogen separation.

This review highlights various aspects of current palladium membrane research and serves as a comprehensive bibliography covering palladium membrane preparation methods and applications. There are many promising uses for palladium membranes, although widespread use of the available technologies is constrained primarily by the high cost of palladium, lack of durability due to hydrogen embrittlement, and susceptibility to fouling. Various researchers in the field are tackling these problems and fabricating thinner palladium alloy composite membranes that better withstand contaminantion and thermal cycling. What has been accomplished to address these issues and the directions presently being explored are discussed.

Innovations in palladium membrane research

A survey is made of high-temperature membranes and several possible applications of membrane reactors for integration in power generation cycles with CO2 capture. Current performance and limitations of relevant inorganic membranes are presented and discussed. Integrated H2, O2 or CO2 membrane separation is analysed and it is concluded that development of power plant concepts including membrane technology is not yet fully explored. Significant design optimisation would be required in order to identify efficient, feasible and environmentally sound technical solutions. In addition, further development and validation of performance of membranes in real applications are needed.

High-temperature membranes in power generation with CO2 capture

Summary
The dry (CO2) reforming of methane is a great promising technology, particularly because of its dual advantages of natural gas valorization and mitigating global warming via carbon dioxide sequestration. However, coke management is the most difficult problem in commercialization of the process. We have therefore examined in this paper the various catalytic systems being evaluated for the dry reforming with emphasis on operating parameters, activity, and coke deposition. Other factors such as the catalyst promoter, the reactor system, and the periodical regeneration were also critically reviewed. The benefits of utilizing methane from natural gas and other sources, where carbon dioxide is considered as an impurity component, are emphasized. Structured basic catalysts, with periodic regeneration certainties, are strong candidates for industrial applications. Therefore, efforts to build commercial scales for the benefit of global energy industries were highlighted. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A review on coke management during dry reforming of methane

The use of 9% La2NiO4/γ-Al2O3 (9NLA) as a catalyst for CO2 reforming of methane to syngas has been investigated in a fixed-bed reactor. The results revealed that the yields of CO and H2 over a 800 °C calcined 9NLA catalyst were remarkably higher than those over a 500 °C calcined one. The BET data confirmed that the properties, such as specific surface area, pore volume and average pore diameter, of a used and a regenerated catalyst were similar to those of a fresh catalyst. Temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results indicated that the activity of the catalyst depended largely on the degree of catalyst reduction, as well as on the dispersion of metallic nickel. The results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO)-MS studies demonstrated that the formation of carbon species on the catalyst could be related to the structure and surface composition of the catalyst. With the rise in temperature for catalyst calcination, there was a decline in coke formation due to the formation of a stable NiAl2O4 spinel structure.

Carbon deposition and catalyst stability over La2NiO4/γ-Al2O3 during CO2 reforming of methane to syngas

A new amorphous Ni–B alloy membrane was prepared by a modified electroless plating method. It was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and inductively coupled plasma (ICP). The ideal separation factor for H2/Ar through the membrane was also measured to evaluate its separation efficiency for hydrogen. The amorphous membrane was employed as a membrane reactor for ethanol dehydrogenation and exhibited a significant promotion effect for this reaction, due to its catalytic activity as well as its high permselectivity for hydrogen.

Amorphous Ni–B alloy membrane: preparation and application in ethanol dehydrogenation

The Rh-modified γ-Al2O3 membranes were prepared by two ways. The pore size distribution demonstrates that, after addition of a small amount of rhodium to the boehmite sol, the structure of γ-Al2O3 membrane still remains intact. The mean pore diameter remained at about 3 nm. Meanwhile, Rh-modified γ-Al2O3 membrane exhibited a much higher separation factor of H2/Ar than pure γ-Al2O3 membrane in the range of 100–350°C. In addition, the Rh-modified γ-Al2O3 membranes were applied to the membrane reactors of ethanol dehydrogenation, and the effects of the temperature and flow rate of sweeping argon on ethanol conversion were investigated. The results showed that the ethanol conversion and the selectivity of acetaldehyde in the Rh–Al2O3 membrane reactor were higher than those in Al2O3–Rh membrane reactor, owing to the former's higher hydrogen permeability and separation factor in the range of experimental temperature. The reduction temperature and hydrogen adsorption properties of Rh-modified alumina membrane were measured by TPR and TPD separately; the morphology and structure of the membrane were characterized by SEM, TEM and XRD, respectively.

Rh-modified alumina membranes : preparation, characterization and reaction studies

A novel Ni-Ru-P amorphous alloy composite membrane supported on ceramic tube was prepared by the technique of local electroless plating. Compared with porous membranes and Ni-P amorphous alloy membrane, the new Ni-Ru-P membrane exhibits better thermal stability and higher permselectivity for hydrogen, as well as a remarkable promoting effect on the ethanol dehydrogenation.

A Novel Ni-Ru-P Amorphous Alloy Composite Membrane and Its Performance Study.

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Amorphous Ni–B alloy membrane: preparation and application in ethanol dehydrogenation

Rh-modified alumina membranes : preparation, characterization and reaction studies

A Novel Ni-Ru-P Amorphous Alloy Composite Membrane and Its Performance Study.