One-dimensional (1D) ZnO nanostructures have been studied intensively and extensively over the last decade not only for their remarkable chemical and physical properties, but also for their current and future diverse technological applications. This article gives a comprehensive overview of the progress that has been made within the context of 1D ZnO nanostructures synthesized via wet chemical methods. We will cover the synthetic methodologies and corresponding growth mechanisms, different structures, doping and alloying, position-controlled growth on substrates, and finally, their functional properties as catalysts, hydrophobic surfaces, sensors, and in nanoelectronic, optical, optoelectronic, and energy harvesting devices.

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One-dimensional ZnO nanostructures: Solution growth and functional properties

Functional oxides are the fundamentals of smart devices. This article reviews novel nanostructures of functional oxides, including nanobelts, nanowires, nanosheets, and nanodiskettes, that have been synthesized in the authors’ laboratory. Among the group of ZnO, SnO2, In2O3, Ga2O3, CdO, and PbO2, which belong to different crystallographic systems and structures, a generic nanobelt structure has been synthesized. The nanobelts are single crystalline and dislocation-free, and their surfaces are atomically flat. The oxides are semiconductors, and have been used for fabrication of nanodevices such as field-effect transistors and gas sensors. Taking SnO2 and SnO as examples, other types of novel nanostructures are illustrated. Their growth, phase transformation, and stability are discussed. The nanobelts and related nanostructures are a unique group that is likely to have important applications in electronic, optical, sensor, and optoelectronic nanodevices.

Novel Nanostructures of Functional Oxides Synthesized by Thermal Evaporation

Recent advances in the field of nanotechnology have led to the synthesis and characterization of an assortment of quasi-one-dimensional (Q1D) structures, such as nanowires, nanoneedles, nanobelts and nanotubes. These fascinating materials exhibit novel physical properties owing to their unique geometry with high aspect ratio. They are the potential building blocks for a wide range of nanoscale electronics, optoelectronics, magnetoelectronics, and sensing devices. Many techniques have been developed to grow these nanostructures with various compositions. Parallel to the success with group IV and groups III–V compounds semiconductor nanostructures, semiconducting metal oxide materials with typically wide band gaps are attracting increasing attention. This article provides a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art research activities that focus on the Q1D metal oxide systems and their physical property characterizations. It begins with the synthetic mechanisms and methods that have been exploited to form these structures. A range of remarkable characteristics are then presented, organized into sections covering a number of metal oxides, such as ZnO, In2O3, SnO2 ,G a 2O3, and TiO2, etc., describing their electrical, optical, magnetic, mechanical and chemical sensing properties. These studies constitute the basis for developing versatile applications based on metal oxide Q1D systems, and the current progress in device development will be highlighted. # 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Quasi-one-dimensional metal oxide materials—Synthesis, properties and applications

We have measured nonresonant and resonant Raman-scattering spectra from ZnO nanocrystals with an average diameter of 20nm. Based on our experimental data and comparison with the recently developed theory, we show that the observed shifts of the polar optical-phonon peaks in the resonant Raman spectra are not related to the spatial phonon confinement. The very weak dispersion of the polar optical phonons in ZnO nanocrystals does not lead to any noticeable redshift of the phonon peaks for 20-nm nanocrystals. The observed phonon shifts have been attributed to the local heating effects. We have demonstrated that even the low-power ultraviolet laser excitation, required for the resonant Raman spectroscopy, can lead to the strong local heating of ZnO nanocrystals. The latter causes significant (up to 14cm−1) redshift of the optical-phonon peaks compared to their position in bulk crystals. Nonresonant Raman excitation does not produce noticeable local heating. The obtained results can be used for identification ...

Micro-Raman investigation of optical phonons in ZnO nanocrystals

This review paper discusses the influence of morphology and crystallographic structure on gas-sensing characteristics of metal oxide conductometric-type sensors. The effects of parameters such as film thickness, grain size, agglomeration, porosity, faceting, grain network, surface geometry, and film texture on the main analytical characteristics (absolute magnitude and selectivity of sensor response (S), response time (τres), recovery time (τrec), and temporal stability) of the gas sensor have been analyzed. A comparison of standard polycrystalline sensors and sensors based on one-dimension structures was conducted. It was concluded that the structural parameters of metal oxides are important factors for controlling response parameters of resistive type gas sensors. For example, it was shown that the decrease of thickness, grain size and degree of texture is the best way to decrease time constants of metal oxide sensors. However, it was concluded that there is not universal decision for simultaneous optimization all gas-sensing characteristics. We have to search for a compromise between various engineering approaches because adjusting one design feature may improve one performance metric but considerably degrade another.

The role of morphology and crystallographic structure of metal oxides in response of conductometric-type gas sensors

Preparation and characterization of SnO2 nanorods by thermal decomposition of SnC2O4 precursor

Synthesis of nickel oxide (NiO) nanorods was achieved by thermal decomposition of the precursor of NiC2O4 obtained via chemical reaction between Ni(CH3COO)2·2H2O and H2C2O4·2H2O in the presence of surfactant nonyl phenyl ether (9)/(5) (NP-9/5) and NaCl flux. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) were used to characterize the structure features and chemical compositions of the as-made nanorods. The results showed that the as-prepared nanorods is composed of NiO with diameter of 10–80 nm, and lengths ranging from 1 to 3 micrometers. The mechanism of formation of NiO nanorods is also discussed.

Preparation and characterization of NiO nanorods by thermal decomposition of NiC2O4 precursor

Fabrication of CoO nanorods via thermal decomposition of CoC2O4 precursor

Preparation and characterization of CuO nanorods by thermal decomposition of CuC2O4 precursor

A simple and novel route for the preparation of ZnO nanorods

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