Silicon-induced postponement of leaf senescence is accompanied by modulation of antioxidative defense and ion homeostasis in mustard (Brassica juncea) seedlings exposed to salinity and drought stress.

Cellulose: A Contribution for the Zero e-Waste Challenge

Physiological and comparative transcriptome analysis of leaf response and physiological adaption to saline alkali stress across pH values in alfalfa (Medicago sativa).

Simple Summary This review focuses on plant growth and development harmed by abiotic stress, primarily salt stress. Salt stress raises the intracellular osmotic pressure, leading to hazardous sodium buildup. Plants react to salt stress signals by regulating ion homeostasis, activating the osmotic stress pathway, modulating plant hormone signaling, and altering cytoskeleton dynamics and cell wall composition. Understanding the processes underlying these physiological and biochemical responses to salt stress could lead to more effective agricultural crop yield measures. In this review, researchers outline recent advances in plant salt stress control. The study of plant salt tolerance processes is essential, both theoretically and practically, to improve agricultural output, produce novel salt-tolerant cultivars, and make full use of saline soil. Based on past research, this paper discusses the adverse effects of salt stress on plants, including photosynthesis suppression, ion homeostasis disturbance, and membrane peroxidation. The authors have also covered the physiological mechanisms of salt tolerance, such as the scavenging of reactive oxygen species and osmotic adjustment. This study further identifies specific salt stress-responsive mechanisms linked to physiological systems. Based on previous studies, this article reviews the current methodologies and techniques for improving plant salt tolerance. Overall, it is hoped that the above-mentioned points will impart helpful background information for future agricultural and crop plant production. Abstract Salinity is significant abiotic stress that affects the majority of agricultural, irrigated, and cultivated land. It is an issue of global importance, causing many socio-economic problems. Salt stress mainly occurs due to two factors: (1) soil type and (2) irrigation water. It is a major environmental constraint, limiting crop growth, plant productivity, and agricultural yield. Soil salinity is a major problem that considerably distorts ecological habitats in arid and semi-arid regions. Excess salts in the soil affect plant nutrient uptake and osmotic balance, leading to osmotic and ionic stress. Plant adaptation or tolerance to salinity stress involves complex physiological traits, metabolic pathways, the production of enzymes, compatible solutes, metabolites, and molecular or genetic networks. Different plant species have different salt overly sensitive pathways and high-affinity K+ channel transporters that maintain ion homeostasis. However, little progress has been made in developing salt-tolerant crop varieties using different breeding approaches. This review highlights the interlinking of plant morpho-physiological, molecular, biochemical, and genetic approaches to produce salt-tolerant plant species. Most of the research emphasizes the significance of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in protecting plants from biotic and abiotic stressors. Plant growth, survival, and yield can be stabilized by utilizing this knowledge using different breeding and agronomical techniques. This information marks existing research areas and future gaps that require more attention to reveal new salt tolerance determinants in plants—in the future, creating genetically modified plants could help increase crop growth and the toleration of saline environments.

/pdf/an-insight-into-abiotic-stress-and-influx-tolerance-1vw38yzt.pdf

An Insight into Abiotic Stress and Influx Tolerance Mechanisms in Plants to Cope in Saline Environments

Antibiotics, a kind of containments with the properties of widely distributed and difficult to degrade, has aroused extensive attention in the world. As a prevalent agricultural waste, straws can be utilized to prepare biochar (straw-derived biochar, SBC) to remove antibiotics from aquatic environment. To date, although a number of review papers have summarized and discussed research on biochar application in wastewater treatment and soil remediation, there are few reviews on SBC for antibiotic removal. Due to the limitations of poor adsorption and degradation performance of the pristine SBC, it is necessary to modify SBC to improve its applications for antibiotics removal. The maximum antibiotic removal capacity of modified SBC could reach 1346.55 mg/g. Moreover, the adsorption mechanisms between modified SBC and antibiotics mainly involve π-π interactions, electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic interactions, and charge dipole interactions. In addition, the modified SBC could completely degrade antibiotics within 6 min by activating oxidants, such as PS, PDS, H2O2, and O3. The mechanisms of antibiotic degradation by SBC activated oxidants mainly include free radicals (including SO4•-, •OH, and O2•-) and non-free radical pathway (such as, 1O2, electrons transfer, and surface-confined reaction). Although SBC and modified SBC have demonstrated excellent performance in removing antibiotics, they still face some challenges in practical applications, such as poor stability, high cost, and difficulties in recycling. Therefore, the further research directions and trends for the development of SBC and biochar-based materials should be taken into consideration. 

Straw-derived biochar for the removal of antibiotics from water: Adsorption and degradation mechanisms, recent advancements and challenges.

Pot experiments were conducted to investigate the impact of biochar loading level on soybean growth and physico-chemical properties of alkaline soil. Biochar derived from corn straw was mixed with alkaline soil at 0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10% loading levels and exposed to the natural elements. Soybean was used as the test crop. The results indicated that a single application of biochar positively and significantly improved soybean productivity and quality attributes of the tested alkaline soil. Soybean yield peaked at 5% loading level, but it declined at 10% loading. Applications of biochar at 5% and 10% loading significantly increased total soil porosity by 4.14% and 5.09%, and decreased the soil pH value by 0.07 and 0.24 units, respectively. Biochar addition significantly increased water holding capacity, total organic carbon content, total nitrogen, Olsen-P, available potassium, and cation exchange capacity. The results indicated that applications of corn straw biochar to alkaline soil improved soybean growth and promoted the physico-chemical properties of alkaline soil. However, the negative effects of increased C:N ratios and soil exchange sodium percentages at higher biochar loading levels should be taken into account when applying biochar as amendments to alkaline soils.

pdf/effects-of-corn-straw-biochar-application-on-soybean-growth-2b2k754546.pdf

Effects of Corn Straw Biochar Application on Soybean Growth and Alkaline Soil Properties

The invention relates to a large-ridge platform kidney bean cultivation method, and belongs to the technical field of kidney bean cultivation. Soil preparation and ridging are performed in autumn, field ditches are arranged on the two sides of a ridge, a ridge platform is arranged on the ridge, the field ditches and the middle of the ridge platform are subjected to deep scarification, the land surface before ridging is adopted as the reference, the ridge deep scarification depth is 30-40 cm, and the deep scarification depth of the middle of the ridge is 15-30 cm; during soil preparation, the base fertilizer is applied to the middle of the ridge platform; the seed fertilizer is applied below the position of seed sowing; kidney bean seed sowing is performed on the ridge platform, seed sowing is performed on three rows, three seedling belts are formed, the seed sowing line spacing is 25-30 cm, the variety of kidney beans is erected or half-spreading type lodging-resistance high-yield kidney bean variety; the topdressing is applied to the outer sides of the seedling belts on the left and right sides of the ridge, and the topdressing is applied below the ridge platform. Due to the cultivation method of the combination of deep scarification, seed sowing and fertilizer application, the permeability is good, the stress resistance is strong, the production efficiency and fertilizer using efficiency of the kidney bean group photosynthesis are improved, and the high yield, high quality and efficient production can be achieved.

Large-ridge platform kidney bean cultivation method

The invention relates to a wide-ridge platform Vigna radiate L.Wilclzek cultivation method, and belongs to the Vigna radiate L.Wilclzek cultivation technical field; the method comprises the following steps: autumn ploughing and ridging, building furrows on two sides of the ridge, building a ridge platform for the ridge, respectively deep ploughing the furrows and the ridge platform middle portion, using the field surface before ridging as reference, the furrow subsoiling depth is 30-40cm, and the ridge platform middle subsoiling depth is 15-30cm; applying base fertilizer in middle of the ridge platform in soil preparation; applying seed manure under sowing positions; sowing Vigna radiate L.Wilclzek on the ridge platform in 3 lines, forming 3 seedling strips, wherein the sowing line space is 25-30cm, and the Vigna radiate L.Wilclzek variety is an erection or semiprostrate lodging resistance high yield Vigna radiate L.Wilclzek kinds; respectively applying additional fertilizer outside the seedling strips on the left and right sides of the ridge, and applying additional fertilizer under the ridge platform. The cultivation method combines subsoiling, sowing with fertilizer application, is good in permeability and strong in stress resistance, thus improving Vigna radiate L.Wilclzek colony photosynthesis production efficiency and fertilizer utilization rate, and realizing Vigna radiate L.Wilclzek highyield high-quality high efficiency production.

Wide-ridge platform Vigna radiate L.Wilclzek cultivation method

The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), the most important food legume for human nutrition globally, contributes greatly to the improvement of soil fertility in semi-dry lands where most of the soil is already salinized or alkalized, such as in the Songnen Plain of China. In this study, we investigated the effects of salt stress (neutral and alkaline) on the salt-tolerant common bean. Seed germination, seedling growth, photosynthesis, and osmotic adjustment were assessed. Neutral and alkaline salt growth environments were simulated using NaCl and NaHCO3, respectively. The results indicated that at ≥60 mmol·L−1, both NaCl and NaHCO3 caused significant delays in seedling emergence and decreased seedling emergence rates. NaHCO3 stress suppressed seedling survival regardless of concentration; however, only NaCl concentrations >60 mmol·L−1 had the same effect. Alkaline salt stress remarkably suppressed photosynthesis and seedling establishment. The common bean compensated for the increase in inorganic anion concentration (influx of Na+) by synthesizing more organic acids and soluble sugars. This adaptive mechanism enabled the common bean to balance the large inflow of cations for maintaining a stable cell pH environment under alkaline salt stress.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/9/8/409/pdf

Contrasting Effects of NaCl and NaHCO3 Stresses on Seed Germination, Seedling Growth, Photosynthesis, and Osmoregulators of the Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

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Papers

Effects of Corn Straw Biochar Application on Soybean Growth and Alkaline Soil Properties

Large-ridge platform kidney bean cultivation method

Wide-ridge platform Vigna radiate L.Wilclzek cultivation method

Contrasting Effects of NaCl and NaHCO3 Stresses on Seed Germination, Seedling Growth, Photosynthesis, and Osmoregulators of the Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)