In this article we review classical and recent results in anomalous diffusion and provide mechanisms useful for the study of the fundamentals of certain processes, mainly in condensed matter physics, chemistry and biology. Emphasis will be given to some methods applied in the analysis and characterization of diffusive regimes through the memory function, the mixing condition (or irreversibility), and ergodicity. Those methods can be used in the study of small-scale systems, ranging in size from single-molecule to particle clusters and including among others polymers, proteins, ion channels and biological cells, whose diffusive properties have received much attention lately.

Anomalous diffusion: A basic mechanism for the evolution of inhomogeneous systems

ADPKD is associated with large interfamilial and intrafamilial variability [1]. Many scientists studied the mechanism [2-5] of the ADPKD and its treatment from various methods [6-8]. Form the genome perspective, there are two mutations have been found to be associated with adpkdPKD1 and PKD2 [9-12]. They are respectively on the 16th and 4th chromosomes [13-15]. Most of the ADPKD are caused by PKD1 mutation. Most of the patients with ADPKD may require dialysis or kidney transplantation eventually [16-18]. Therefore, it is necessary to study the ADPKD from the perspective of genome. Many scientists such as Tao Yang, et al, explored the novel mutations of PKD1 gene in Chinese patients with ADPKD by targeted nextgeneration sequencing [19], Consugar, et al. studied the characteristics of large rearrangements in ADPKD and the PKD1/TSC2 contiguous gene syndrome [20]. Furthermore, Pathogenicity [21], inactivation [22], development [23] of the PKD1 were also studied by many scientists. In this paper, based on the previous studies, the codon usage characteristics of PKD1 and PKD2 gene is cauculated via the CodonW, and analyzed via the PR2-bias plot analysis: A3 / (A3 + T3) vs. G3 / (G3 + C3) . Then the RSCU values of PKD1 and PKD2 are plotted and discussed.

/pdf/codon-usage-of-autosomal-dominant-polycystic-kidney-disease-35c8nihseg.pdf

Codon Usage of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease Genes PKD1 and PKD2

Blood-brain-barrier (BBB) mainly of tightly interconnected endothelial cells, which have specific function that set the brain apart from other cells in the body. It also can prevent the outer harmful substances from penetrating into the brain. So, most drug molecules can not reach the inner brain. In this paper, we establish a mathematical model to simulate the drug permeability of the blood-brain-barriervia considering the drug molecule size and the blood-brain-barrier permeability. The numerical results are computed via numerical parameters and the variation of drug concentration with respect to time is plotted via using MATLAB. The relationship between the concentration of the infiltrated drug varies over time in the brain is analyzed via considering the different permeability and the contact area, which shows that the internal drug concentration in BBB is proportional to the permeability and the contact area. The result is discussed via considering the molecule size and the blood-brain-barrier permeability.

http://www.openscienceonline.com/author/download?paperId=3989&stateId=8000&fileType=3

Simulation on Drug Molecules Permeability of the Blood-Brain-Barrier

Panax ginseng is a commonly used herb in traditional Chinese medicine with a wide range of valuable medicinal usages. Modern pharmacology studies reveal that the Panax ginseng has great immune enhancement function. Translation initiation factor eIF-5a is one of its active proteins which have important function. In this paper, several physical and chemical fundamental characteristics such as isoelectric point and the hydrophobicity, etc, of translation initiation factor eIF-5a are studied. The molecular weight of translational initiation factor eIF-5a in Panax ginseng is 17221.44, its theoretical isoelectric point is 5.46, the instability index of translational initiation factor eIF-5a is 29.93, it could be concluded that its structure is stable from the results. There is none transmembrane regions and signal peptide cleavage sites in amino acid sequences of the translation initiation factor eIF-5a. Then, the secondary structure, 3D structure and phosphorylation sites of translation initiation factor eIF-5a are predicted. The results show that the number of potential phosphorylation sites of translation initiation factor eIF-5a is 19 (potential value > 0.5). All these result benefit for further study on function and usage of translation initiation factor eIF-5a plant. Correspondence to: Li Gun, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China, E-mail: ligun@xatu.edu.cn

/pdf/bioinformatics-study-on-translational-initiation-factor-eif-4ipmb5bwe5.pdf

Bioinformatics study on translational initiation factor eIF-5a in Panax ginseng

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Codon Usage of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease Genes PKD1 and PKD2

Simulation on Drug Molecules Permeability of the Blood-Brain-Barrier

Bioinformatics study on translational initiation factor eIF-5a in Panax ginseng