Fenneropenaeus indicus could be protected from white spot disease (WSD) caused by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) using a formalin-inactivated viral preparation (IVP) derived from WSSV-infected shrimp tissue. The lowest test quantity of lyophilized IVP coated onto feed at 0.025 g(-1) (dry weight) and administered at a rate of 0.035 g feed g(-1) body weight d(-1) for 7 consecutive days was sufficient to provide protection from WSD for a short period (10 d after cessation of IVP administration). Shrimp that survived challenges on the 5th and 10th days after cessation of IVP administration survived repeated challenges although they were sometimes positive for the presence of WSSV by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay specific for WSSV. These results suggest that F. indicus can be protected from WSD by simple oral administration of IVP.

/pdf/fenneropenaeus-indicus-is-protected-from-white-spot-disease-ox4a90cj2i.pdf

Fenneropenaeus indicus is protected from white spot disease by oral administration of inactivated white spot syndrome virus

Rabbits injected intravenously with a single high dose of poliovirus (type 1) produced two major 19S and two 75 type neutralizing antibody populations, with different electrophoretic mobilities. The first 2 to 2½ days after immunization the antibody was of the 19S type and migrated as a single component in the β-region. In contrast, the major 19S antibody synthesized from day 3 on was a γ1-globulin. 7S type antibody, appearing on day 4, was contained only in the γ1-region, while 10 to 14 days following immunization the 7S antibody was associated with both γ1- and γ2-globulins. The electrophoretic distribution of antibody in 2-week sera revealed the presence of at least four antibody populations (19S β, 19S γ1, 7S γ1, and 7S γ2). Serum samples collected 1 or 2 weeks following antigenic stimulation often contained small amounts of antibody which sedimented at a rate (11S to 15S) intermediate to that of 7S and 19S antibodies. The neutralizing activity of the 19S type antibodies and the intermediately sedimenting antibody was destroyed by incubation with 0.1 M (5 days) or 0.2 M (1 day) 2-mercaptoethanol at 3°C. The 7S antibody activity was un-affected by treatment with from 0.1 to 0.8 M mercaptan.

/pdf/the-formation-and-properties-of-poliovirus-neutralizing-4zhkoyfqhj.pdf

The formation and properties of poliovirus-neutralizing antibody. iii. sequential changes in electrophoretic mobility of 19s and 7s antibodies synthesized by rabbits after a single virus injection.

Although formaldehyde has long been used for rendering toxic or infectious agents innocuous for immunizing purposes, the considerations involved in its use in this way are perhaps best illustrated in the preparation of poliovirus vaccine. That formaldehyde destroys the infectivity of poliovirus, allowing retention of antigenic activity, had been demonstrated by a number of investigators working with virus contained in suspensions of animal central nervous system (CNS) tissue.' When relatively cleaner virus-containing fluids became available from tissue cultures, and it had been shown that experimental vaccines could be prepared therefrom, the judgment that was then required concerned two simple questions: (1) How much formaldehyde should be used? (2) How long should formaldehyde be applied for reliable destruction of infectivity with the least loss of antigenic activity? The way in which answers to these questions have evolved constitutes, in part, the subject of this paper.

A review of theoretical, experimental, and practical considerations in the use of formaldehyde for the inactivation of poliovirus.

In this review, we focus on the potential that tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) has as a carrier for immunogenic epitopes, and the factors that must be considered in order to bring products based on this platform to the market. Large Scale Biology Corporation developed facile and scaleable methods for manufacture of candidate peptide display vaccines based on TMV. We describe how rational design of peptide vaccines can improve the manufacturability of particular TMV products. We also discuss downstream processing and purification of the vaccine products, with particular attention to the metrics that a product must attain in order to meet criteria for regulatory approval as injectable biologics.

/pdf/display-of-peptides-on-the-surface-of-tobacco-mosaic-virus-3arfcog0t2.pdf

Display of peptides on the surface of tobacco mosaic virus particles.

Titers of antibody to poliovirus in 102 patients were determined with a sensitive neutralization assay before and 1 year after autologous bone marrow transplantation. At 1 year 14 patients (14%) had lost antibodies to poliovirus type 1 (P < .001), 10 (10%) to poliovirus type 2 (P < .05), and 13 (13%) to poliovirus type 3 (P < .01). Twenty-two patients had lost antibodies to at least one type of poliovirus. Follow-up of unimmunized patients 2 years (n = 40) and 3 years (n = 23) after transplantation documented a continuous decrease in antibody titer; by 3 years after transplantation, another 6 patients had become seronegative. When one dose of inactivated trivalent poliovirus vaccine was administered 1 year after transplantation, 2 (25%) of 8 patients seronegative for poliovirus type 1 had an increase of at least fourfold in antibody titer; after three doses, 10 (83%) of 12 patients exhibited such an increase (P < .05). The corresponding figures were 5 (71%) of 7 and 13 (100%) of 13 for poliovirus type 2 (difference not significantly) and 2 (22%) of 9 and 14 (88%) of 16 for poliovirus type 3 (P < .01). These results indicate that at least 30% of patients undergoing autologous bone marrow transplantation including those seronegative for poliovirus before transplantation will benefit from reimmunization with three doses of inactivated trivalent poliovirus vaccine 1 year after transplantation.

Immunity to Poliovirus and Immunization with Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine After Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantation

The course of inactivation of poliomyelitis virus by formaldehyde at 25° C was studied on tissue culture material treated by filtration through sintered glass filters. The inactivation curves deviated significantly from that of a chemical reaction of the first order.

Inactivation of poliomyelitis virus by formaldehyde.

The guinea pig, although apparently resistant to poliomyelitis virus infection, responds to inoculation of living or formol inactivated virus with the formation of neutralizing antibodies. The strenght of the reaction seems to be independent of whether the virus is active or not and, thus, correlated to the administered amount of antigen only. Determination of the minimal amount necessary to elicit antibody formation (extinction limit titration) seems to be a reliable method for assay of immunogenic capacity.

The use of guinea pigs in tests for immunogenic capacity of poliomyelitis virus preparations.

In five different regions of the country 5460 subjects were examined as to the occurrence of neutralizing antibodies against the three types of poliomyelitis virus. Five different age groups were included in the study, viz. 3–4 years, 8 years, 13 years, and about 25 and 50 years. As a rule, in the regions with a low attack rate of paralytic poliomyelitis the incidence of antibodies at an early age was higher than in regions with a high attack rate. In areas where numerous paralytic cases occurred during the epidemic period in 1953, the incidence of antibodies against type 1 predominated over the two other types. This was true even of age classes which earlier had lived through years with a particularly high poliomyelitis incidence.

Seroimmune patterns for poliomyelitis in Sweden.

Antibody responses to four different inactivated poliovirus vaccines were studied in 617 school children without preimmunization antibodies to any type. The results obtained showed a mathematically definable correlation to the antigenic extinction limit titers in guinea pigs of the same vaccines. The pattern of response to the type 2 antigen differed distinctly from those of types 1 and 3.

Potency of inactivated poliovirus vaccines. Correlation between antigenic extinction limit titers in guinea pigs and results obtained in man

862 six to ten year old children from Stockholm and 602 six to nine year old children from Solna, a suburb of Stockholm, were examined for the presence of neutralizing antibodies against the three types of poliomyelitis virus. About one tenth of the children had antibodies to all three types, while about one third had no demonstrable antibodies at all. The distribution of various antibody patterns differed from estimates of a random distribution in the following respects: The simultaneous presence of antibodies to all three types as well as the absence of any poliomyelitis antibodies at all was found more frequently than expected. In addition, type 1 and type 2 antibodies occurred together more frequently than expected in the Stockholm material. The incidence of poliomyelitis with paralysis following primary infection during the first seven to nine years of life was estimated. It was found to be 5 per 1,000 infections.

Antibodies to poliomyelitis in school children in Stockholm

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