Statistics for analytical chemistry

Plant analysis (sometimes referred to as leaf analysis) is the determination of the total elemental content of a specified plant part. The emphasis in this chapter will be on the determination of those elements required for plant growth. Interpretation is normally based on the use of a "critical value" or "sufficiency range" (Smith, 1962) comparison between the elemental concentration found and a known norm (Goodall & Gregory, 1947; Chapman, 1966; Reuter & Robinson, 1986; Adriano, 1986; Martin-Prevel et al., 1987). An alternative method of interpretation is Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (ORIS), which interprets the ratios of elements (N/P, K/Ca, and K/Mg) as indicators of elemental status (Beaufils, 1973; Sumner, 1977, 1982). Most growers primarily use a plant analysis for diagnosing suspected elemental insufficiencies, while its most significant, yet little used application, is for evaluating the soil/plant elemental status. This is partially reflected in the relatively few plant tissue samples assayed for growers, about 500 000, in the USA each year (Jones, 1985). Tissue testing, an elemental assay of extracted cell sap by means of quick chemical tests in the field, seems to be gaining an interest at levels equal to that observed several decades ago. A plant analysis is carried out in a series of steps as shown in Fig. 15-1. The results obtained are no better than the care taken in collecting, handling, preparing, and analyzing the collected tissue. An error made in one of these steps can result in an erroneous interpretation leading to recommendations that may be either unnecessary, costly, or even damaging to the crop. Therefore, it is important for those employing either a plant analysis or tissue test to follow the proper sampling, preparation, and analysis procedures. This chapter deals with the procedures required to successfully conduct a plant analysis or tissue test.

Sampling, handling and analyzing plant tissue samples.

Glyphosate-based weed control products are among the most widely used broad-spectrum herbicides in the world. The herbicidal properties of glyphosate were discovered in 1970, and commercial formulations for nonselective weed control were first introduced in 1974 (Franz et al. 1997). Formulations of glyphosate, including Roundup® Herbicide (RU)1 (Monsanto Company, St. Louis, MO), have been extensively investigated for their potential to produce adverse effects in nontarget organisms. Governmental regulatory agencies, international organizations, and others have reviewed and assessed the available scientific data for glyphosate formulations and independently judged their safety. Conclusions from three major organizations are publicly available and indicate RU can be used with minimal risk to the environment (Agriculture Canada 1991; USEPA 1993a; WHO 1994). Several review publications are available on the fate and effects of RU or glyphosate in the environment (Carlisle and Trevors 1988;Smith and Oehme 1992 ; Malik et al. 1989;Rueppel et al. 1977; Sullivan and Sullivan 1997;Forestry Canada, 1989). In addition, several books have been published about the environmental and human health considerations of glyphosate and its formulations (Grossbard and Atkinson 1985; Franz et al. 1997). In addition, RU and other glyphosate formulations have been selected for use in a number of weed control programs for state and local jurisdictions in the United States. Many of these uses require that ecological risk assessments be conducted in the form of Environmental Impact Statements or Environmental Assessments. These documents are comprehensive and specific to local use situations. Documents are available for risk assessments in Texas, Washington, Oregon, Pennsylvania, New York, Virginia, and other states (USDA 1989;USDA 1992;USDA 1996;USDA 1997;USDI 1989; Washington State DOT 1993).

Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment for Roundup ® Herbicide

/pdf/retention-or-loss-of-n-in-ifs-sites-and-evaluation-of-s9c2r7l2iu.pdf

Retention or Loss of N in IFS Sites and Evaluation of Relative Importance of Processes

More than 30 years have passed since the first application of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to soil organic matter (SOM). Since then, there has been an explosion of applications using 1H, 13C, 31P, and 15N NMR on both solution and solid-state samples. These have greatly enhanced our

Applications of NMR to soil organic matter analysis : History and prospects

NH4NO3 (1 M) has been used as an extractant for soil exchangeable cations, exchangeable acidity and aluminum. The results obtained using NH4NO3 were identical to those using KC1 and NH4Cl as extractants for the purpose of evaluating soil chemical status. The NH4NO3 extraction has practical analytical advantages.

Ammonium nitrate as extractant for soil exchangeable cations, exchangeable acidity and aluminum

31P-NMR spectra of humic acids: A comparison of four different raw humus types in Norway

A comparison of four different raw humus types in Norway using chemical degradations and CPMAS 13C NMR spectroscopy

No general effect of ozone on foliar nutrient concentrations in mature scions of grafted Picea abies trees.

Analysis of the carbohydrates of fulvic and humic acids as their partially methylated alditol acetates.

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