Changes in coal pore structure and permeability during N2 injection

Methane adsorption isotherms measured for a series of coals with varying rank at a wide range of temperatures and pressures allows the prediction of the change in sorption capacity as a function of tectonic history. Changes in sorption capacity in response to declining pressure and temperature associated with uplift may increase or decrease the capacity of the coal and, if the coal is initially saturated, result in excess gas or a deficiency of gas (undersaturation). Assuming reasonable geothermal and pressure gradients, our data indicate that the sorption capacity will generally decrease with uplift and associated exhumation, suggesting that an initially gas-saturated coal will desorb gas during uplift of the reservoir. The desorbed gas would be available for migration and/or, potentially, resaturation of an undersaturated coal. Our results argue against the generally accepted theory that undersaturation of coal reservoirs results from an increase in the sorption capacity with uplift except for coals at such high pressures that the isotherms are essentially flat or for very high pressure and geothermal gradients.

Coal reservoir saturation: Impact of temperature and pressure

Isotopic and molecular composition of coal-bed gas in the Amasra region (Zonguldak basin—western Black Sea)

Organic petrology and coalbed gas content, Wilcox Group (Paleocene-Eocene), northern Louisiana

Coal petrography, mineralogy, elemental compositions and palaeoenvironmental interpretation of Late Carboniferous coal seams in three wells from the Kozlu coalfield (Zonguldak Basin, NW Turkey)

We investigated the Carboniferous coals in the Zonguldak basin (northwest Turkey) using a multidisciplinary approach, including petrographical and geochemical analyses, gas adsorption and gas content measurements, artificial maturation experiments on selected coals, and one-dimensional (1-D) modeling of the basin evolution and hydrocarbon generation. The main emphasis was set on the definition of coalbed methane (CBM) generation capability and adsorption capacity of the coals. Considering these properties of coals and the amount and composition of gas within the coal seams, we carried out a comprehensive evaluation of the CBM potential of the basin. Three areas in the basin, namely, Armutcuk, Zonguldak, and Amasra, were investigated separately for their CBM potential. From the standpoint of petroleum (oil and/or gas) generation, the coals in the Armutcuk and Amasra areas are located within the oil generation window. The coals of the Zonguldak area are located within the oil and gas generation window. Computer-aided basin modeling, using a basin-specific kinetic data set of hydrocarbon generation from coals, suggests that significant quantities of gas have been generated only in the Zonguldak area. Modeling results also indicate that major gas generation from the base of the Westphalian A Kozlu Formation in the Zonguldak area occurred between 80 and 42 Ma (during the Late Cretaceous-early Eocene), prior to basin inversion that started at 42 Ma and continues at present. The predicted amount of generated coalbed gas from coal seams in the gas generation zone is several times higher than the adsorption capacity of the respective seams. A certain amount of this gas, controlled by the adsorption capacity, is stored within the coal seams where it is generated. Gas generated in excess of storage capacity obviously would have been expelled from the coal. Part of the expelled gas is accumulated in coal seams located above the gas generation zone. However, the coal seams within and above the gas generation zone are undersaturated with respect to their adsorption capacity. The undersaturation is probably caused by remigration of gas that is desorbed because of pressure decrease during basin inversion of more than 2500 m (8203 ft) over the last 42 m.y. The rest of the gas generated within the coal seams and expelled first because of the overflow of adsorption capacity and then because of the desorption during basin inversion has either migrated to source conventional gas reservoirs or has been lost to the surface during basin inversion. Because the basin has not been explored for conventional gas reservoirs, a conclusive mass balance cannot yet be performed. Despite basin inversion and remigration of gas, some coal seams still contain gas amounts of up to 10 cm 3 /g of coal, indicating a CBM potential.

Carboniferous coals of the Zonguldak basin (northwest Turkey): Implications for coalbed methane potential

Adsorption related properties of seven coal samples from Zonguldak Basin in north-western Turkey were determined using the low-pressure CO 2 method at two different adsorption temperatures of CO 2 , namely at 195°K and at 273°K. By application of the Dubinin-Radushkevich approach, micropore volumes ranging between 0.02-0.05 cm 3 /g, micropore capacities ranging between 9.9-27.3 cm 3 /g, and micropore surface areas ranging between 58-160 m 2 /g at 195°K were determined. Respective values at 273°K were 0.04-0.07 cm 3 /g, 22.6-39.0 cm 3 /g and 154-265 m 2 /g. Results on diameters of pores suggest that smaller pores were intruded by CO 2 at 273°K. Therefore, measurements at this temperature are considered to be closer to the micropore structure of Zonguldak coals. Based on the relationship obtained by comparison of the results of seven samples at 195°K and at 273°K, and using the previously determined values at 195°K, we have been able to re-calculate the adsorption related properties of additional 35 coal samples from Zonguldak Basin.

Comparison of adsorption related properties of Zonguldak Basin coals (NW Turkey) obtained at two different adsorption temperatures of carbon dioxide

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Carboniferous coals of the Zonguldak basin (northwest Turkey): Implications for coalbed methane potential

Comparison of adsorption related properties of Zonguldak Basin coals (NW Turkey) obtained at two different adsorption temperatures of carbon dioxide