The Development of Pseudocapacitor Electrodes and Devices with High Active Mass Loading

Composite materials combining intrinsically conducting polymers and metal oxides suggested as electrode materials in supercapacitors are reviewed with attention to achieved stability and specific functions and effects both components contribution to the performance of the materials. With this combination, various drawbacks of metal oxide materials frequently suggested as active masses shall be remedied. The low electronic conductivity of metal oxides traditionally ameliorated by adding conducting carbon can be enhanced by intrinsically conducting polymers, but careful consideration of changes of the polymer's conductance as a function of electrode potential is required. An inherently elastic polymer can buffer the volume changes of metal oxides. Loss of active mass, in particular of metal ions, can be prevented by encapsulating the metal oxide in the polymer. Finally, the charge storage capability of the polymer itself can be utilized for enhanced storage in the composite material. Reported materials and preparation procedures are briefly presented; achieved progress as well as remaining challenges are highlighted. Suggestions for further research and development are proposed.

Composites of metal oxides and intrinsically conducting polymers as supercapacitor electrode materials: the best of both worlds?

Enhanced electrochemical performance of polypyrrole coated MoS2 nanocomposites as electrode material for supercapacitor application

Decoration of nickel hydroxide nanoparticles onto polypyrrole nanotubes with enhanced electrochemical performance for supercapacitors

The conductive polymer of polypyrrole can be acted as electroactive electrode material of supercapacitor due to reversible redox behavior and high capacitance. It usually suffers from low electrochemical stability due to the breakdown of polymer molecule chain in the long-term charge and discharge process. The monometallic or bimetallic-coordinated polypyrrole usually exhibits the improved electrochemical performance. The transition metal ions such as ruthenium, iron, copper and cobalt are adopted for the coordination modification. The transition metal-coordinated polypyrrole includes the intrachain and interchain coordination structure between transition metal ion and nitrogen atom of pyrrole ring. It is able to reinforce the polymer molecule chain strength to overcome excessive volumetric swelling and shrinking during charge-discharge process, improving the cycling stability and rate capability of polypyrrole. Accordingly, the transition metal-coordinated polypyrrole keeps simultaneously high capacitance performance and electrochemical stability, acting as the promising conductive polymer-based supercapacitor electrode material for effective energy storage.

Electrochemical Performance of Transition Metal‐coordinated Polypyrrole: A Mini Review

Two composites based on CoMoO4 nanorods and PPy nanoparticles: Fabrication, structure and electrochemical properties

A facile approach has been established to prepare PPy via in situ polymerization with different metal sulfate as dopants. The morphology and structure of PPy and doped PPy were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fourier transform infrared (FT-IR). It was found that doped PPy has different morphology and a slight structure change. The electrochemical performance of the samples has been illustrated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) and AC impedance measurements. Compared with the PPy, the specific capacitance of PPy/Cu2+ has been improved to 224 F g–1 at the current density of 0.6 A g–1. Also, the relationship between electrochemical properties of doped PPy and various parameters of metal ions has been investigated.

PPy doped with different metal sulphate as electrode materials for supercapacitors

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Two composites based on CoMoO4 nanorods and PPy nanoparticles: Fabrication, structure and electrochemical properties

PPy doped with different metal sulphate as electrode materials for supercapacitors