Organic reactions that involve the direct functionalization of non-activated C–H bonds represent an attractive class of transformations which maximize atom- and step-economy, and simplify chemical synthesis. Due to the high stability of C–H bonds, these processes, however, have most often required harsh reaction conditions, which has drastically limited their use as tools for the synthesis of complex organic molecules. Following the increased understanding of mechanistic aspects of C–H activation gained over recent years, great strides have been taken to design and develop new protocols that proceed efficiently under mild conditions and duly benefit from improved functional group tolerance and selectivity. In this review, we present the current state of the art in this field and detail C–H activation transformations reported since 2011 that proceed either at or below ambient temperature, in the absence of strongly acidic or basic additives or without strong oxidants. Furthermore, by identifying and discussing the major strategies that have led to these improvements, we hope that this review will serve as a useful conceptual overview and inspire the next generation of mild C–H transformations.

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Mild metal-catalyzed C–H activation: examples and concepts

Transition metal-catalyzed direct functionalization of C–H bonds is one of the key emerging strategies that is currently attracting tremendous attention with the aim to provide alternative environmentally friendly and efficient ways for the construction of C–C and C–hetero bonds. In particular, the strategy involving regioselective C–H activation assisted by various functional groups shows high potential, and significant achievements have been made in both the development of novel reactions and the mechanistic study. In this review, we attempt to give an overview of the development of utilizing the functionalities as directing groups. The discussion is directed towards the use of different functional groups as directing groups for the construction of C–C and C–hetero bonds via C–H activation using various transition metal catalysts. The synthetic applications and mechanistic features of these transformations will be discussed, and the review is organized on the basis of the type of directing groups and the type of bond being formed or the catalyst.

Transition metal-catalyzed C–H bond functionalizations by the use of diverse directing groups

The present review is devoted to summarizing the recent advances (2015-2017) in the field of metal-catalysed group-directed C-H functionalisation In order to clearly showcase the molecular diversity that can now be accessed by means of directed C-H functionalisation, the whole is organized following the directing groups installed on a substrate Its aim is to be a comprehensive reference work, where a specific directing group can be easily found, together with the transformations which have been carried out with it Hence, the primary format of this review is schemes accompanied with a concise explanatory text, in which the directing groups are ordered in sections according to their chemical structure The schemes feature typical substrates used, the products obtained as well as the required reaction conditions Importantly, each example is commented on with respect to the most important positive features and drawbacks, on aspects such as selectivity, substrate scope, reaction conditions, directing group removal, and greenness The targeted readership are both experts in the field of C-H functionalisation chemistry (to provide a comprehensive overview of the progress made in the last years) and, even more so, all organic chemists who want to introduce the C-H functionalisation way of thinking for a design of straightforward, efficient and step-economic synthetic routes towards molecules of interest to them Accordingly, this review should be of particular interest also for scientists from industrial R&D sector Hence, the overall goal of this review is to promote the application of C-H functionalisation reactions outside the research groups dedicated to method development and establishing it as a valuable reaction archetype in contemporary R&D, comparable to the role cross-coupling reactions play to date

/pdf/a-comprehensive-overview-of-directing-groups-applied-in-543u6d0g60.pdf

A comprehensive overview of directing groups applied in metal-catalysed C-H functionalisation chemistry.

Transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions have been well-established as indispensable tools in modern organic synthesis. One of the major research goals in cross-coupling area is expanding the scope of the coupling partners. In the past decade, diazo compounds (or their precursors N-tosylhydrazones) have emerged as nucleophilic cross-coupling partners in C–C single bond or C═C double bond formations in transition-metal-catalyzed reactions. This type of coupling reaction involves the following general steps. First, the organometallic species is generated by various processes, including oxidative addition, transmetalation, cyclization, C–C bond cleavage, and C–H bond activation. Subsequently, the organometallic species reacts with the diazo substrate to generate metal carbene intermediate, which undergoes rapid migratory insertion to form a C–C bond. The new organometallic species generated from migratory insertion may undergo various transformations. This type of carbene-based coupling has proven...

Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings through Carbene Migratory Insertion

Oxidative Coupling between Two Hydrocarbons: An Update of Recent C–H Functionalizations

Give it a tweak: A novel oxidizing directing group was developed for a rhodium(III)-catalyzed CH functionalization of N-phenoxyacetamides with alkynes. A small change in the reaction conditions leads to either ortho-hydroxyphenyl-substituted enamides or cyclization to deliver benzofurans with high selectivity (see scheme; Cp*=C5 Me5 ).

Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed Redox-Neutral Coupling of N-Phenoxyacetamides and Alkynes with Tunable Selectivity†

An efficient rhodium(III)-catalyzed coupling reaction of N-aryloxyacetamides with 6-diazo-2-cyclohexenones through a cascade redox-neutral C–H functionalization and aromatization has been developed. This novel and scalable transformation provides a straightforward way to construct unsymmetrical ortho-biphenols with broad substrate scope under mild and redox-neutral conditions. The synthetic utility of this approach is demonstrated in the late-stage functionalization of bioactive compounds and the synthesis of an optically active ortho-biphenol.

Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed Cascade Redox-Neutral C–H Functionalization and Aromatization: Synthesis of Unsymmetrical ortho-Biphenols

Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Redox‐Neutral Coupling of N‐Phenoxyacetamides and Alkynes with Tunable Selectivity.

By using an oxidizing directing group, a mild, efficient Rh(III) catalyzed C–H olefination reaction between N-phenoxyacetamides and alkenes was developed. This reaction provided a straightforward way for the synthesis of ortho-alkenyl phenols, and the directing group is traceless in the product.

Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed C—H Olefination for the Synthesis of ortho-Alkenyl Phenols Using an Oxidizing Directing Group.

Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Redox‐Neutral C—H Annulation of Arylnitrones and Alkynes for the Synthesis of Indole Derivatives.

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