Piezoelectric Actuators and Motors: Materials, Designs, and Applications

It is well known that the piezoelectric performance of ferroelectric Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) based ceramics is far inferior to that of ferroelectric single crystals due to ceramics' polycrystalline nature. Herein, it is reported that piezoelectric stress coefficient e33 = 39.24 C m−2 (induced electric displacement under applied strain) in the relaxor piezoelectric ceramic 0.55Pb(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.135PbZrO3–0.315PbTiO3 (PNN‐PZT) prepared by the solid state reaction method exhibits the highest value among various reported ferroelectric ceramic and single crystal materials. In addition, its piezoelectric coefficient d33* = 1753 pm V−1 is also comparable with that of the commercial Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3‐PbTiO3 (PMN‐PT) piezoelectric single crystal. The PNN‐PZT ceramic is then assembled into a cymbal energy harvester. Notably, its maximum output current at the acceleration of 3.5 g is 2.5 mApp, which is four times of the PMN‐PT single crystal due to the large piezoelectric e33 constants; while the maximum output power is 14.0 mW, which is almost the same as the PMN‐PT single crystal harvester. The theoretical analysis on force‐induced power output is also presented, which indicates PNN‐PZT ceramic has great potential for energy device application.

Giant Piezoelectric Coefficients in Relaxor Piezoelectric Ceramic PNN-PZT for Vibration Energy Harvesting

In order to obtain BNT-based ceramic system with excellent electric-field-induced strain performance for actuator applications, a novel solid solution (100-x)Bi1/2(Na0.82K0.12)1/2TiO3-xBi4Ti3O12 ((100-x)BNKT-xBiT, x = 0–12 wt%) was designed and fabricated by solid state synthesis. The microstructure and related electrical properties of this material were systematically investigated. It was found that BiT is dissolved into the lattice structure of the BNKT, leading to a greater increase in the volatilization of Na and K, thus produce more A-site vacancies compared with the undoped BNKT. The 9 wt%BiT doped sample not only has sufficient A-site vacancies to destroy the long-range ferroelectric order of the base composition but also favors the presence of extremely stable relaxor phase at room temperature. Further, the ferroelectric-to-relaxor phase transition temperature TF-R can be effectively tuned to about 0 °C, giving rise to a large signal piezoelectric coefficient d*33 of 485 pm/V with a small hysteresis η of 23%.

Large strain with low hysteresis in Bi4Ti3O12 modified Bi1/2(Na0.82K0.18)1/2TiO3 lead-free piezoceramics

Giant piezoelectric coefficient of PNN-PZT-based relaxor piezoelectric ceramics by constructing an R-T MPB

In this study, novel magnetic mesoporous Fe3O4@mSiO2–DODGA nanoparticles were prepared for efficiently adsorbing and recycling REEs. Fe3O4@mSiO2–DODGA was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The adsorption behavior of Fe3O4@mSiO2–DODGA was investigated by ICP-OES. The results showed that the content of DODGA in the adsorbent was 367 μmol g−1. Fe3O4@mSiO2–DODGA exhibited the highest adsorption rates for 15 REEs, except Tm, in a 2 mol L−1 nitric acid solution. Among these elements, the adsorption rates for Nd, Sm, Eu, Dy, Ho, Yb, Lu, Y and Sc ranged from 85.1% to 100.1%. The desorption rates for all 16 REE ions reached their maximum values when 0.01 mol L−1 EDTA was used as the eluent. The desorption rates for Nd, Ce, Sm, Eu, Ho, Yb, Lu, Y, and Sc were 87.7–99.8%. Fe3O4@mSiO2–DODGA had high stability in 2 mol L−1 HNO3 and could be used five times without significant loss of adsorption capacity. Moreover, these nanoparticles had high selectivity, and their adsorption rate was not affected even in a high-concentration solution of a coexisting ion. Therefore, 8 REE ions (Nd, Sm, Eu, Ho, Yb, Lu, Y, and Sc) were selected for the study of adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherm experiments. It was demonstrated that the values of Qe (equilibrium adsorption capacity) for Nd, Sm, Eu, Ho, Yb, Lu, Y, and Sc were 14.28–60.80 mg g−1. The adsorption of REEs on Fe3O4@mSiO2–DODGA followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, Elovich model and Langmuir isotherm model, which indicated that the adsorption process of Fe3O4@mSiO2–DODGA for REEs comprised single-layer adsorption on a non-uniform surface controlled by chemical adsorption. It was concluded that Fe3O4@mSiO2–DODGA represents a new material for the adsorption of REEs in strongly acidic solutions.

/pdf/synthesis-and-characterization-of-magnetic-mesoporous-fe3o4-52l95l3mnq.pdf

Synthesis and characterization of magnetic mesoporous Fe3O4@mSiO2–DODGA nanoparticles for adsorption of 16 rare earth elements

Pb(Zn1/3Ni2/3)c(Ni1/3Nb2/3)a(ZrxTiy)bO3 (PZN–PNN–PZT, the ratios of PNN/PZT a/b were 0.88, 1 and 1.136) piezoelectric ceramics were prepared by a traditional solid-state reaction method. The effects of PNN/PZT ratio on phase structure, microstructure and electric properties as well as the relaxation behaviors of PZN–PNN–PZT ceramics were investigated. The XRD patterns showed that all ceramics samples had a pure perovskite phase structure. Meanwhile, it was found that the phase structure undergoes a tetragonal, tetragonal-rhombohedral to rhombohedral transition as ratios of PNN/PZT increased. With the increasing of a/b from 0.88 to 1.136, the dielectric constant and diffusive phase coefficient decreases, it was indicated that relaxation behaviors also decreased. When ceramics with a/b was 1.136, the dielectric relaxation γ reached the minimum and electrical properties were poor. The electric properties of ceramics with a/b was 1.00 have an excellent properties, it was indicated that ceramics reached an optimization at the MPB structure.

Effects of PNN/PZT ratios on phase structure, electric properties and relaxation behavior of PZN–PNN–PZT ceramics

Rare-earth Sm2O3-doped Pb(Ni1/3Nb2/3)0.5(Zr0.3Ti0.7)0.5O3 (0.5PNN-0.5PZT + xSm) piezoelectric ceramics were prepared by a two-step solid-state reaction method. The effects of Sm2O3 doping on phase structure, electric properties and dielectric relaxation of 0.5PNN-0.5PZT ceramics were investigated. The results showed that Sm3+ tended to occupy the B-site of Zr4+. The XRD patterns showed that all ceramics had a pure perovskite phase structure. With the increasing of Sm2O3 addition, Curie temperature moved towards low temperatures obviously and dispersion coefficient γ first increased and then decreased gradually. When x = 0.2 wt%, the γ reaches at maximum (1.998), it was indicated that a nearly complete diffuse phase transition existed and relaxation behaviors enhanced. But the ceramics with x = 0.2 wt% exhibited terrible electric properties: d33 = 605 pC/N, kp = 0.55, er ~ 5020, tanδ ~ 2.20 %. It showed that the relaxation behaviors have relationships with electric properties to some extent.

Effects of rare-earth Sm 2 O 3 addition on relaxation behavior and electric properties of 0.5PNN-0.5PZT ceramics

The structure, microstructure, field-induced strain, ferroelectric, piezoelectric and dielectric properties of (1 − x) (Bi0.5Na0.5)0.935Ba0.065TiO3–xSr3CuNb2O9 (BNT-BT6.5–xSCN, with x = 0, 0.003, 0.006, 0.009) ceramics were investigated. X-ray diffraction patterns show that all samples are pure perovskite structure and Sr3CuNb2O9 (SCN) effectively diffused into the 0.935Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3–0.065BaTiO3 (BNT–BT6.5) solid solution which also reflected in the Raman spectra and the energy disperse spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. With the increases of SCN content, the coercive field (E
 c
  = 18.41 kV/cm) decreases greatly, whereas the remnant polarization (P
 r
  = 29.11 μC/cm2) increases a little at x = 0.003 which is showed in the polarization hysteresis (P–E) loops, the result indicate that the ferroelectric order would be disrupted. Around critical composition (x = 0.003) at a driving field of 60 kV/cm, a large unipolar strain of 0.29 % with a normalized strain (d
 33
  = 483 pm/V) is obtained at room temperature. The results indicate that BNT-BT6.5-xSCN ceramics with excellent properties are promising to replace lead-based piezoelectric ceramics and can be used in practical applications.

Structural and electrical properties of Bi1/2Na1/2TiO3-BaTiO3-Sr3CuNb2O9 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics

The present study is an investigation of the effects of Sm2O3 doping on properties near morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) of nickel niobium ternary system lead zirconate titanate (PNN–PZT) ceramics. Pb(Ni1/3Nb2/3)0.5 (Zr0.3Ti0.7)0.5O3 (0.5PNN–0.5PZT + xSm) piezoelectric ceramics were prepared by a traditional two-step solid-state reaction method. The specimens exhibit the homogeneous perovskite structure without the secondary phase. When x = 0.6 wt% and x = 0.8 wt%, their diffraction peaks are the most obvious, they may have the best P–T MPB composition. The samples exhibit the P–T MPB composition have a good properties, which is in accord with the electric properties variation and the crystalline grain variation well. When x = 0.6 wt%, the ceramics exhibited electric properties: d33 = 688 pC/N, kp = 0.579, er = 6260, tanδ = 0.0207. It shows that the P–T MPB composition have relationships with the electric properties variation and the crystalline grain variation to some extent.

The effects of Sm2O3 doping on properties of PNN-PZT ceramics near morphotropic phase boundary

Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramic, as a kind of piezoelectric material, is widely used in the field of electronic industry because of its excellent piezoelectric characteristics and low cost. Research works found that during the working time of the PZT ceramic, an electrical degradation phenomenon will occur that is represented as the decreasing of the electrical resistance and piezoelectric properties and the increasing of leakage current. When increase the temperature of the work environment, the lifetime of the piezoelectric ceramic will be dramatically shorted. This work proposes to analyze the influence of working temperature on the lifetime of piezoelectric ceramic by detecting the changes of leakage current of piezoelectric ceramics under different temperature. The study has important significance on solving the abnormal fatigue aging problem of piezoelectric ceramic in the different working environment. Introduction Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoelectric ceramic is with electrical degradation under electric field. The leakage current of sample rises gradually and the resistance reduce. The influence of voltage, temperature and humidness on the degradation of PZT has been studied extensively. For example, E. Loh has considered the grain boundary model to explain the degradation. This theory holds the point that the direct reason of degradation is the crystal boundary’s degradation because of the voltage (DC). J. Thongrueng et al proposed another theory of the metal ion’s migration to explain the phenomenon of degradation and blackboard. But how the temperature dose influence on the PZT is not reported, this article designs a simple experiment to explain the influence of temperature on the PZT and provide us a method to predict the lifetime of PZT. Experiment This sample’s formula is Pb(Zr52Ti48)O3+0.1wt%K+0.5wt%Cr, which is used in this experiment, and the sample’s size is 20mm×5mm×0.15mm. In order to get the expectant result, we designed the experiment terrace. Fig. 1 The experiment terrace International Conference on Material Science and Application (ICMSA 2015) © 2015. The authors Published by Atlantis Press 723 The figure 1 is the experiment terrace. In the picture, the power supply provides steady voltage (230V). Because of the sample’s resistance is greater than 10MΩ, but the series connection resistance is just 10kΩ, so the voltage of the sample is 230V approximate. In the experiment, the surroundings humidness is 90%RH, and the temperature is 50°C, 60°C and 70°C. We recorded the sample’s leakage current and analyzed it as follows. The Consequence and Analyses In order to obtain the effect of the temperature on the electrical degradation of PZT, samples leakage current changing with the time at different temperature, “ Samples at different temperature resistance changing with the time ”,“ Through the sample leakage current reaches a certain value when the relationship between time and temperature” three fact to analysis. Samples Leakage Current and Resistance Changing with the Time at Different Temperature The electrical degradation rate under different environmental conditions of Lead zirconate titanate piezoelectric ceramic samples in different electrical shows as the Fig.2. Fig.2 The relationship of resistance and leakage current of samples under different temperature and time The Fig.2 shows that sample’s leakage current and resistance changing with the time at the different temperature(50°C, 60°C, 70°C) when the humidity is 90%RH. From Fig. 2, Through the sample of the leakage current increases with the increase of temperature the speed was accelerated, when the temperature is 70°C, samples has the fastest electrical degradation rate. Electrical degradation rate of the slowest is under the condition of temperature of 50 °C, but from the fig.2, it can be obvious seen that when the temperature is 60, its electrical degradation rate is not the environment temperature of 50 °C and 70 °C under the condition of the average, Samples of the resistance with the temperature rise rate decreases, Reduce the rate increases with temperature, The sample resistance decreases with temperature increase rate was not present a linear trend. Through the Sample Leakage Current Reaches a Certain Value when the Relationship between Time and Temperature Collect the relevant 2 points, using the data analysis, Fitting by the leakage current of the sample at different values of the relationship between time and temperature. Shows in Fig.3. Fig.3 fitted the leakage current of different values of the relationship between time and temperature. From the Fig.3, it can be seen that no matter what the samples electrical degradation to the leakage current of 150μA , 200μA or 250μA, the time(t) and temperature (T) are fitted below formula:

/pdf/the-influence-of-environment-temperature-on-the-degradation-2pciu12msh.pdf

The Influence of Environment Temperature on the Degradation of Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramic

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