Chlorogenic acids (CGAs) have gained considerable attention as pervasive human dietary constituents with potential cardiovascular-preserving effects. The main sources include coffee, yerba mate, Eucommia ulmodies leaves, and Lonicerae Japonicae Flos. CGA consumption can reduce the risks of hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart failure, myocardial infarction, and other factors associated with cardiovascular risk, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. This review recapitulates recent advances of CGAs in the cardiovascular-preserving effects, pharmacokinetics, sources, and safety. Emerging evidence indicates that CGAs exhibit circulatory guarding properties through the suppression of oxidative stress, leukocyte infiltration, platelet aggregation, platelet-leukocyte interactions, vascular remodeling, and apoptosis as well as the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism and vasodilatory action in the cardiovascular system. CGAs exert these effects by acting on complex signaling networks, but the global mechanisms are still not clear. The oral bioavailability of CGA is poor, and there is a potential sensitization concern about CGA. The bioactive metabolites, systematic toxicity, and optimized structure are needed for further identification.

Chlorogenic Acids in Cardiovascular Disease: A Review of Dietary Consumption, Pharmacology, and Pharmacokinetics.

Pluchea indica Less. is a medicine and food dual-use plant, which belongs to the Pluchea genus, Asteraceae family. Its main constituents are quinic acids, flavonoids, thiophenes, phenolic acids, as well as sesquiterpenes. In order to provide a comprehensive chemical profiling of P. indica, an orthogonal chromatography combining reverse-phase chromatography BEHC18 column with a normal-phase chromatography silica column as the separation system and a ESI-Q-Orbitrap MS as the detector in both positive and negative ion modes were used. According to the retention time (tR) and the exact mass-to-charge ratio (m/z), 67 compounds were unambiguously identified by comparing to the standard references. Moreover, 47 compounds were tentatively speculated on the basis of the rules of MS/MS fragmentation pattern and chromatographic elution order generalized from the above-mentioned reference standards. Among them, 10 of them were potentially novel.

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/15/2784/pdf

Comprehensive Chemical Profiling in the Ethanol Extract of Pluchea indica Aerial Parts by Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Its Silica Gel Column Chromatography Fractions.

A novel and sensitive fluorescence analysis platform was constructed for the detection of chlorogenic acid (CGA) using carbon dots (C-dots) with prominent sensitivity and selectivity. Excitation-dependent emission fluorescence C-dots were fabricated using citric acid and l-histidine as precursors through an efficient one-step hydrothermal treatment. The maximum excitation and emission wavelength of the as-synthesized C-dots were 340 nm and 414 nm, respectively. Moreover, the as-prepared C-dots displayed excellent water solubility and good photostability. The fluorescence quantum yield of the as-prepared C-dots was measured to be about 22% using quinine sulfate as the reference. Furthermore, the obtained C-dots were applied to the detection of CGA accompanied with a wide linear range from 1.53 μmol L-1 to 80.0 μmol L-1 as well as a limit detection of 0.46 μmol L-1 . More importantly, the proposed fluorescence method was successfully used to analyse CGA in coffee and honeysuckle.

Hydrothermal synthesis of carbon dots and their application for detection of chlorogenic acid.

Obesity is a lipid metabolism disorder caused by genetic, medicinal, nutritional, and other environmental factors. It is characterized by a complex condition of excess lipid accumulation in adipocytes. Adipogenesis is a differentiation process that converts preadipocytes into mature adipocytes and contributes to excessive fat deposition. Saikosaponin A (SSA) and saikosaponin D (SSD) are triterpenoid saponins separated from the root of the Bupleurum chinensis, which has long been used to treat inflammation, fever, and liver diseases. However, the effects of these constituents on lipid accumulation and obesity are poorly understood. We investigated the anti-obesity effects of SSA and SSD in mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The MTT assay was performed to measure cell viability, and Oil Red O staining was conducted to determine lipid accumulation. Various adipogenic transcription factors were evaluated at the protein and mRNA levels by Western blot assay and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Here, we showed that SSA and SSD significantly inhibited lipid accumulation without affecting cell viability within the range of the tested concentrations (0.938-15 µM). SSA and SSD also dose-dependently suppressed the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPα), sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), and adiponectin. Furthermore, the decrease of these transcriptional factors resulted in the repressed expression of several lipogenic genes including fatty acid binding protein (FABP4), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and lipoprotein lipase (LPL). In addition, SSA and SSD enhanced the phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and its substrate, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and inhibited the phosphorylation of extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and p38, but not c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK). These results suggest that SSA and SSD inhibit adipogenesis through the AMPK or mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in the early stages of adipocyte differentiation. This is the first study on the anti-adipogenic effects of SSA and SSD, and further research in animals and humans is necessary to confirm the potential of saikosaponins as therapeutic agents for obesity.

Saikosaponin A and D Inhibit Adipogenesis via the AMPK and MAPK Signaling Pathways in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

Simultaneous qualitative and quantitative evaluation of Ilex kudingcha C. J. tseng by using UPLC and UHPLC-qTOF-MS/MS

Kuding tea, the leaves of Ilex Kudingcha C.J. Tseng, has been applied for treating obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, hyperlipidemia, and so on. The chlorogenic acids (CGAs) in Kuding tea have shown excellent antioxidative, antiobesity, anti-atherosclerotic and anticancer activities. Nevertheless, the chemical profiles of CGAs in Kuding tea have not been comprehensively studied yet, which hinders further quality control. In the present study, a sensitive ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection coupled with a linear ion trap-Orbitrap (UHPLC-DAD-LTQ-Orbitrap) method was established to screen and identify CGAs in Kuding tea. Six CGA standards were first analyzed in negative ion mode with a CID-MS/MS experiment and then the diagnostic product ions (DPIs) were summarized. According to the retention behavior in the RP-ODS column, accurate mass measurement, DPIs and relevant bibliography data, a total of 68 CGA candidates attributed to 12 categories were unambiguously or preliminarily screened and characterized within 18 min of chromatographic time. This was the first systematic report on the distribution of CGAs in Kuding tea. Meanwhile, the contents of 6 major CGAs in Kuding tea were also determined by the UHPLC-DAD method. All the results indicated that the established analytical method could be employed as an effective technique for the comprehensive and systematic characterization of CGAs and quality control of the botanic extracts or Chinese medicinal formulas that contain various CGAs.

/pdf/simultaneous-qualitation-and-quantitation-of-chlorogenic-3o98o65d9r.pdf

Simultaneous Qualitation and Quantitation of Chlorogenic Acids in Kuding Tea Using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detection Coupled with Linear Ion Trap-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer.

Kudinoside-D, a triterpenoid saponin derived from Ilex kudingcha suppresses adipogenesis through modulation of the AMPK pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

The bletilla striata drying equipment comprises an equipment box, push-pull openings are symmetrically formed in the surface of the equipment box, the push-pull openings are formed in the front face and the back face of the equipment box, and containing chambers are inserted into the inner sides of the push-pull openings in a sliding mode. First bletilla striata drying equipment, as the drying lamps are arranged on the upper surfaces of the air baffles, water vapor generated by bletilla striata dried by the drying lamps rises and is dissipated through the heat dissipation openings along the lower surfaces of the air baffles above, water drops formed on the lower surfaces of the air baffles can slide towards the two sides and then fall into the inner side of the rectangular water tank, andthe influence of the water vapor on the drying lamps is reduced in this way; and secondly, the first arc-shaped grid plate and the second arc-shaped grid plate are separated by the placing chamber through a second door plate, so that two placing spaces are formed, and after the bletilla striata on the surface of the first arc-shaped grid plate is dried, the first arc-shaped grid plate can be pulled out by pulling a pull handle, and the second arc-shaped grid plate is pulled into the equipment box to dry the bletilla striata on the surface.

Bletilla striata drying equipment

The utility model relates to the technical field of medicine processing. The utility model relates to a dryer, in particular to a sealwort dryer. The device comprises an air feeder, a shell, a heatingfurnace and a mounting frame, a heating furnace is mounted on the right side of the air feeder; a shell is mounted on the right side of the heating furnace; drying pipes are evenly installed on the inner wall of the shell. Mounting frames are symmetrically mounted at the front position and the rear position of the interior of the shell. Rotating frames are arranged at the upper ends of the two mounting frames; the two rotating frames are rotationally connected with the two mounting frames through rotating shafts correspondingly, six tray hanging brackets are evenly mounted on each of the tworotating frames, a drying frame is arranged between the tray hanging brackets on the front side and the rear side, and the drying frame is connected with the two tray hanging brackets through balanceconnecting pieces; according to the drying device, the mounting frame, the rotating frame and the drying frame are arranged, so that the drying quality of the device is improved, the drying efficiencyof the device is improved, and feeding and discharging of the device are facilitated.

Rhizoma polygonati drying device

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Simultaneous Qualitation and Quantitation of Chlorogenic Acids in Kuding Tea Using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detection Coupled with Linear Ion Trap-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer.

Kudinoside-D, a triterpenoid saponin derived from Ilex kudingcha suppresses adipogenesis through modulation of the AMPK pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

Bletilla striata drying equipment

Rhizoma polygonati drying device