In this review we describe label-free optical spectroscopy techniques which are able to non-invasively measure the (bio)chemistry in biological systems. Raman spectroscopy uses visible or near-infrared light to measure a spectrum of vibrational bonds in seconds. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman (CARS) microscopy and stimulated Raman loss (SRL) microscopy are orders of magnitude more efficient than Raman spectroscopy, and are able to acquire high quality chemically-specific images in seconds. We discuss the benefits and limitations of all techniques, with particular emphasis on applications in biomedicine—both in vivo (using fiber endoscopes) and in vitro (in optical microscopes).

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/10/3/1871/pdf

Raman Spectroscopy and Related Techniques in Biomedicine

Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Disease Detection and Therapy.

Emerging data suggest that off-target cannabinoid effects may be mediated via novel seven-transmembrane spanning/G protein-coupled receptors. Due to its cannabinoid sensitivity, the G protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) was recently proposed as a candidate; however, GPR55 is phylogenetically distinct from the traditional cannabinoid receptors, and the conflicting pharmacology, signaling, and functional data have prevented its classification as a novel cannabinoid receptor. Indeed, the most consistent and potent agonist to date is the noncannabinoid lysophospholipid, lysophosphatidylinositol. Here we present new human GPR55 mRNA expression data, providing supportive evidence of GPR55 expression in a vast array of tissues and cell types. Moreover, we summarize major recent developments in GPR55 research and aim to update the reader in the rapidly expanding fields of GPR55 pharmacology, physiology, and pathology.

Minireview: recent developments in the physiology and pathology of the lysophosphatidylinositol-sensitive receptor GPR55.

Raman imaging of drug delivery systems

The sensitivity of diffusion MRI to microstructural properties and experimental factors.

A multimodal nonlinear optical microscope that combines coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS), two-photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF), second-harmonic generation (SHG) and sum-frequency generation (SFG) was developed and applied to image breast cancer tissue and MCF-7 cells as well as monitoring anticancer drug delivery in live cells. TPEF imaging showed that drugs are preferentially localized in the cytoplasm and the nuclear envelope in resistant cells. Moreover, the extracellular matrix was observed by TPEF signals arising from elastin's autofluorescence and SHG signals from collagen fibrils in breast tissue sections. Additionally, CARS signals arising from proteins and (PO2)− allowed identification of tumors. Label-free imaging with chemical contrast of significant components of cancer cells and tissue suggests the potential of multimodal nonlinear optical microscopy for early detection and diagnosis of cancer. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Nonlinear optical microscopy for drug delivery monitoring and cancer tissue imaging

Expression of cannabinoid receptors by human articular chondrocytes

We report on the construction of a highly flexible system for advanced biological imaging, where all the following
imaging techniques are integrated into the same microscope: Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS), two
photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF), second harmonic generation (SGH), sum frequency generation (SFG),
fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) and differential interference contrast (DIC). The system employs a Nd:YVO 4 laser
as pump (7 ps, 1064 nm), and two tunable OPOs (6 ps, 700 - 1000 nm). Our microscope comprises a heater stage and
perfusion cell for imaging of live cells, and features an atomic force microscope (AFM) which enables optical imaging at
10 nm resolution. Multimodal imaging of breast cancer cells and tissue will be demonstrated as well as imaging of anticancer
drugs in living cells.

A multimodal multiphoton microscope for biological imaging

The use of stem cells to support tissue repair is facilitated by loading of the therapeutic cells with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) enabling magnetic tracking and targeting. Current methods for magnetizing cells use artificial MNPs and have disadvantages of variable uptake, cellular cytotoxicity and loss of nanoparticles on cell division. Here we demonstrate a transgenic approach to magnetize human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs are genetically modified by transfection with the mms6 gene derived from Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1, a magnetotactic bacterium that synthesises single-magnetic domain crystals which are incorporated into magnetosomes. Following transfection of MSCs with the mms6 gene there is bio-assimilated synthesis of intracytoplasmic magnetic nanoparticles which can be imaged by MR and which have no deleterious effects on cell proliferation, migration or differentiation. The assimilation of magnetic nanoparticle synthesis into mammalian cells creates a real and compelling, cytocompatible, alternative to exogenous administration of MNPs.

/pdf/biosynthesis-of-magnetic-nanoparticles-by-human-mesenchymal-3jhug56r0f.pdf

Biosynthesis of magnetic nanoparticles by human mesenchymal stem cells following transfection with the magnetotactic bacterial gene mms6.

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Nonlinear optical microscopy for drug delivery monitoring and cancer tissue imaging

Expression of cannabinoid receptors by human articular chondrocytes

A multimodal multiphoton microscope for biological imaging

Biosynthesis of magnetic nanoparticles by human mesenchymal stem cells following transfection with the magnetotactic bacterial gene mms6.