References [1] Atsuko Abe. The Relationship between Japan and the European Union: Domestic Politics and Transnational Relations. Athlone Press, 1999. [2] Kōbō Abe. Women in the Dunes. Knopf, 1964. Translated by E. Dale Saunders. [3] Kōbō Abe. Friends. Grove, 1969. Translated by Donald Keene. [4] Kōbō Abe. The Box Man. Putnam Perigee, 1981. Translated by E. Dale Saunders. [5] Hallett E. Abend. Japan Unmasked. 1941. [6] Joyce Ackroyd. Told Round a Brushwood Fire: The Autobiography of Arai Hakuseki. University of Arizona Press, 1980. translated by Joyce Ackroyd. [7] Roy H. Akagi. Japan’s Foreign Relations, 1542-1936. 1936. [8] Motojiro Akashi. Rakka Ryusui: Colonel Akashi’s Report on His Secret Cooperat?? 1988. [9] George Akita. Foundations of Constitutional Government in Modern Japan, 1868-1900. Harvard University Press, 1967. [10] George Akita. An examination of e.h. norman’s scholarship. The Journal of Japanese Studies, 3(2), 1977.

http://openhistory.org/jhdp/download/bibliography/0.0.6/japanese_history.pdf

BibTex List of Materials Related to the Study of Japanese History

China is a resilient dinosaur. In contrast with so many other great empires in Eurasia – the Egyptian, Roman, Byzantine, Arabian, Ottoman and Tsarist-Soviet – China has the longest history. The Empire kept expanding until the mid-nineteenth century when it practically reached the physical limits for a predominantly agrarian economy. The size and wealth of the Chinese economy, the variety of its produce and the degree of commercialisation and urbanisation made China one of the most popular international trading destinations from Roman times. With the rise of the opium trade in the early nineteenth century, however, the Chinese economy has been severely impoverished at least in relative terms. In response, since the 1870s, the Chinese sought to rescue their civilisation by adopting a wide range of foreign examples in social engineering for social experiments and reforms. Nevertheless, China's per capita GDP is still very low despite its political influence in the world since the 1970s. It is justifiable to view China as a case of growth failure in the recent centuries. The study of Chinese economic history has the same age as China's modern history itself. The field has been led and dominated by the West. Scholarly attempts have been made since the turn of this century to explain China's premodern success and its downfall after the Opium War. Two approaches can be identified: the 'Sinological approach' which refers to China only and the 'comparative method' which compares China with the West. The former tries to find out what achievements China managed to make and when and how it made them and the latter seeks to understand why premodern China was not industrialised.

/pdf/a-critical-survey-of-recent-research-in-chinese-economic-1gt9zuqcpe.pdf

A critical survey of recent research in Chinese economic history

Opinions have long been divided as to what the actual size of China’s population was in the past and how it fluctuated over time. When trying to make sense of pre-modern Chinese population dynamics, most scholars have been forced to resort to crude estimates or mere guesses. More often than not, these estimates/guesses do not agree with each other. The margin of disagreement can be as great as a half of the population. As a result, statistics related to China’s pre-modern population situation are marked by confusion and inaccuracies. Even though these estimates/guesses have become increasingly sophisticated over time, they are unsupported by China’s own census records. As a consequence, they are untrustworthy. By utilizing China’s real-time, adjusted dynastic official censuses to obtain a clearer and more accurate picture of China’s pre-modern population dynamics, the present research represents a departure from the typical methodological approach to the subject. Specifically, instead of avoiding the official data, this research tackles head on the seeming inconsistencies in China’s official censuses by investigating the institutional reasons for the disparities in the form of different taxation policies implemented by various regimes over the long run. In order to control the influence caused by taxation policies on China’s censuses, adjustments, minimal in nature, are made. The result is a consistent set of population data for the entire period of 2 A.D. throughout 1911. This is a breakthrough. A main task of this research is the vigorous testing of the accuracy of China’s pre-modern official censuses. The tests strongly indicate that the census-based series are fundamentally sound: institutionally, economically, sociologically and biologically (i.e., in terms of human reproductive parameters). The conclusion is that Chinese official census data are actually more accurate and reliable than all the modern-day estimates or guesses. This research sheds new light on how China's population grew and fluctuated. It also indicates how pre-modern Chinese society functioned, and how its economy performed over time.

Unveiling China's True Population Statistics for the Pre-Modern Era with Official Census Data

New Studies in Economic and Social History

In this paper mortality crises in a rural area in southern Sweden are analysed by using a new approach. We start off with a combined life-event and time-series analysis approach in which the influences of food prices, agricultural production and air temperature on mortality by age, sex and socio-economic status is analyzed, much in line with our previous work. Special attention is given to years when food prices were particularly high, production particularly low and climate particularly unfavourable. We then identify years with mortality crises defined as two succeeding years with at least 25 percent more deaths than normal (often much more). This takes place five times between 1766 and 1860, which is the period we analyse. We analyse whether the causal factors for these crises differ from other years of excess mortality, or if it is just a matter of ―more of the same‖. The data for five rural parishes in southern Sweden analyzed comes from the Scanian Demographic Database. Food prices are local, temperature data stems from a nearby town, and production refers to Scania, the southernmost county of Sweden where all five parishes are located. We find that the mortality crises differ from other years with respect to its causal mechanisms, in particular with respect to effects of food prices.

Demographic Responses to Economic and Environmental Crises

Rice Price Fluctuations and Fertility in Late Tokugawa Japan

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Rice Price Fluctuations and Fertility in Late Tokugawa Japan