Part I. Ethnographic Research: Ethnography and Culture. Language and Field Work. Informants. Part II. The Developmental Research Sequences: Locating an Informant. Interviewing an Informant. Making an Ethnographic Record. Asking Descriptive Questions. Analyzing Ethnographic Interviews. Making a Domain Analysis. Asking Structural Questions. Making a Taxonomic Analysis. Asking Contrast Questions. Making a Componential Analysis. Discovering Cultural Themes. Writing an Ethnography. Notes. Appendices: A Taxonomy of Ethnographic Questions. Developmental Research Sequence Writing Tasks. The Development Research Sequence Method. Bibliography. Index.

The ethnographic interview

Qualitative methods for health research , Qualitative methods for health research , کتابخانه مرکزی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران

/pdf/qualitative-methods-for-health-research-4k0rnfqbnv.pdf

Qualitative methods for health research

The current evidence suggests that many diet and exercise interventions to prevent obesity in children are not effective in preventing weight gain, but can be effective in promoting a healthy diet and increased physical activity levels.Being very overweight (obese) can cause health, psychological and social problems for children. Children who are obese are more likely to have weight and health problems as adults. Programmes designed to prevent obesity focus on modifying one or more of the factors considered to promote obesity.This review included 22 studies that tested a variety of intervention programmes, which involved increased physical activity and dietary changes, singly or in combination. Participants were under 18 and living in Asia, South America, Europe or North America. There is not enough evidence from trials to prove that any one particular programme can prevent obesity in children, although comprehensive strategies to address dietary and physical activity change, together with psycho-social support and environmental change may help. There was a trend for newer interventions to involve their respective communities and to include evaluations.Future research might usefully assess changes made on behalf of entire populations, such as improvements in the types of foods available at schools and in the availability of safe places to run and play, and should assess health effects and costs over several years.The programmes in this review used different strategies to prevent obesity so direct comparisons were difficult. Also, the duration of the studies ranged from 12 weeks to three years, but most lasted less than a year.

/pdf/interventions-for-preventing-obesity-in-children-4arhbcud58.pdf

Interventions for preventing obesity in children

What is participatory research

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(07)61693-6.pdf

What works? Interventions for maternal and child undernutrition and survival.

Background The cognitive processes involved in individuals' perceptions and prioritization of information, and how these change with experience or exposure to interventions, are rarely examined in the evaluation of nutrition interventions. Exclusive breastfeeding counseling is a common infant and young-child feeding intervention and is used to promote HIV-free survival in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission programs. However, it is often designed without adequate attention to the changes in mothers' perceptions over the course of their early breastfeeding experiences. Objective The aim of this study was to identify HIV-infected breastfeeding mothers' cognitive structure (their organization of messages and ideas) of infant feeding messages and to characterize whether their cognitive organization of infant feeding messages changed from pregnancy through the first 5 mo postpartum. Methods With the use of semistructured interviews and the cognitive mapping technique of pile sorting, we interviewed 30 HIV-infected breastfeeding mothers in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. We asked them to sort and rate 18 infant feeding messages 3 times (during pregnancy, 0- to 1-mo postpartum, and 3- to 5-mo postpartum). We analyzed their responses by using multidimensional scaling, property fitting, and partition analyses. Results At all 3 visits, we found consistency in women's cognitive mapping of messages. For example, mothers consistently differentiated messages pertinent for exclusive breastfeeding compared with those that pertained to other practices. However, subtle variations in mothers' cognition over time were also evident, particularly at 0- to 1-mo postpartum, when message proximity was tightly clustered compared with the earlier and later periods. Conclusions We conclude that mothers share a common cognitive organization of infant feeding messages and that this organization changes over time. Attention to variations in cognition can support context-sensitive, patient-centered counseling by practitioners and improve the effectiveness of nutrition interventions. Pile sorting is an efficient, systematic technique to examine cognitive processes related to health and nutrition.

/pdf/capturing-changes-in-hiv-infected-breastfeeding-mothers-3nobd0eljg.pdf

Capturing Changes in HIV-Infected Breastfeeding Mothers’ Cognitive Processes from Before Delivery to 5 Months Postpartum: An Application of the Pile-Sorting Technique in Haiti

Peru: the rural community of Chamis and the urban suburb of San Vicente in Cajamarca.

Perceptions of spreading fats among women in Helsinki whose households use only butter or margarine.

OBJECTIVE To study the psychomotor development of young infants from a poor and underfed rural community and to correlate this with the nutritional conditions of the mother during pregnancy and the child itself. MATERIAL AND METHODS We studied 82 mother-child pairs from the 5th month of pregnancy to the 6th month of life of the child as to anthropometry and food consumption. The neonatal Brazelton test and the Bayley test at 3 and 6 months were applied to the child. RESULTS Several of the neonatal psychomotor tests applied to the child correlate positively with the mother's weight and skin folds, as well as with the child's own previous weight and size. This was also true for maternal consumption of animal foods and fruits during pregnancy. A negative correlation was observed with the consumption of corn tortillas and beans. The correlation of several tests applied to the child at six months was positive with its complementary consumption, total energy and several foods, specially egg, milk and fruit around three months of age. CONCLUSIONS Small variations in nutrition of the mother-child pairs from the poor rural community studied had consequences on the psychomotor development of the infant. These findings point to the need for more applied nutrition programs.

Nutrition and development in the first semester of life

Antropologinen tutkimus : kenttätyön oppikirja

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