Hydrology and the Management of Watersheds

/pdf/mechanisms-of-dioxin-formation-in-pulp-production-part-1-66h08ki4cr.pdf

Mechanisms of dioxin formation in pulp production. Part 1, Precursor reactivity. Project 3684, final report : a final report submitted to National Council for Air and Stream Improvement

Rapid assessment is a tool to understand and address complex sustainability problems as well as a learning device for education of future professionals who need opportunity to develop their skills. Professionalism involves a four-part skill setcritical thinking, observation, management, and technical concerns-which can be taught in rapid assessment field trips. Our course teaches this four-part skill set through pre-field trip activities (lectures, readings, discussion, exercises, and presentations), the field trip (about 14-days in country) to Central or South America (and elsewhere), and in post-field trip analysis and report preparation. The basic interdisciplinary educational approach is introduced, a list of basic questions to be researched and worksheets are provided, and an outline for writing reports is offered. Readings give explanation of the interdisciplinary approach and illustrate its use worldwide. Reports based on the field trip are published and circulated widely. At the invitatio...

Interdisciplinary Rapid Field Appraisals

Agricultural expansion by smallholder producers has been identified by management agencies as one of the main threats to the ecological integrity of La Amistad Biosphere Reserve, in Panama and Costa Rica. Promotion of cacao agroforestry has been proposed as a way to reduce the need for farmers to clear new land within the reserve. In order to realize this goal, the larger cultural, economic, and political forces that motivate agricultural expansion need to be examined, looking beyond the smallholder practices that are the immediately apparent causes of ecological degradation. The four main assumptions behind the proposal to promote smallholder cacao production in the buffer zone are explored: (1) cacao agroforestry is an ecologically benign agricultural system; (2) if cacao production were more financially viable, ecologically degrading activities, such as cattle grazing, would decrease; (3) migrants from other areas are primarily responsible for clearing land on the eastern side of the park; and...

Smallholder Agricultural Expansion in La Amistad Biosphere Reserve

Agricultural expansion by smallholder producers has been identified by management agencies as one of the main threats to the eco- logical integrity of La Amistad Biosphere Reserve, in Panama and Costa Rica. Promotion of cacao agroforestry has been proposed as a way to re- duce the need for farmers to clear new land within the reserve. In order to realize this goal, the larger cultural, economic, and political forces that motivate agricultural expansion need to be examined, looking beyond the smallholder practices that are the immediately apparent causes of ecological degradation. The four main assumptions behind the proposal to promote smallholder cacao production in the buffer zone are ex- plored: (1) cacao agroforestry is an ecologically benign agricultural sys- tem; (2) if cacao production were more financially viable, ecologically degrading activities, such as cattle grazing, would decrease; (3) migrants from other areas are primarily responsible for clearing land on the east- ern side of the park; and (4) direct intervention at the smallholder level is the most effective means of preventing agricultural expansion. Our anal-

/pdf/smallholder-agricultural-expansion-in-la-amistad-biosphere-5na94qd96z.pdf

Smallholder Agricultural Expansion in La Amistad Biosphere Reserve: Perceived vs. Real Impacts of Cacao and Cattle

An analysis of watershed management in the Pacific slope of the Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica, was conducted as part of a larger analysis of Conservation International's Amistad Conservation and Development (AMISCONDE) Initiative. General impacts of land use conversion are described with particular reference to tropical montane regions under conditions like those found on the Pacific slope of the Talamanca range. The quality of watershed management across the region and within the San Jeronimo-Zapotal watershed, one of the AMISCONDE Initiative sites, is evaluated. Significant problems are indicated regarding soil erosion, sedimentation, and agrochemical delivery to streams. These problems are likely due in part to the clearing of forest for cultivation on steep, highly erodable lands with little control over the location and construction of fields and associated infrastructure; a shift in land use from pasture to coffee cultivation and attendant increases in pesticide use; and unsafe pestic...

Watershed Management in the Pacific Slope Buffer Zone of the La Amistad Biosphere Reserve, Costa Rica

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Watershed Management in the Pacific Slope Buffer Zone of the La Amistad Biosphere Reserve, Costa Rica