Over the last 30+ years, it has become axiomatic that performing aerobic exercise within the same training program as resistance exercise (termed concurrent exercise training) interferes with the hypertrophic adaptations associated with resistance exercise training. However, a close examination of the literature reveals that the interference effect of concurrent exercise training on muscle growth in humans is not as compelling as previously thought. Moreover, recent studies show that, under certain conditions, concurrent exercise may augment resistance exercise-induced hypertrophy in healthy human skeletal muscle. The purpose of this article is to outline the contrary evidence for an acute and chronic interference effect of concurrent exercise on skeletal muscle growth in humans and provide practical literature-based recommendations for maximizing hypertrophy when training concurrently.

Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy with Concurrent Exercise Training: Contrary Evidence for an Interference Effect

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a time-efficient method of improving aerobic and anaerobic power and capacity. In most individuals, however, HIIT using modalities such as cycling, running, and rowing does not typically result in increased muscle strength, power, or endurance. The purpose of this study is to compare the physiological outcomes of traditional HIIT using rowing (Row-HIIT) with a novel multimodal HIIT (MM-HIIT) circuit incorporating multiple modalities, including strength exercises, within an interval. Twenty-eight recreationally active women (age 24.7 ± 5.4 years) completed 6 weeks of either Row-HIIT or MM-HIIT and were tested on multiple fitness parameters. MM-HIIT and Row-HIIT resulted in similar improvements (p < 0.05 for post hoc pre- vs. post-training increases for each group) in maximal aerobic power (7% vs. 5%), anaerobic threshold (13% vs. 12%), respiratory compensation threshold (7% vs. 5%), anaerobic power (15% vs. 12%), and anaerobic capacity (18% vs. 14%). The MM-HIIT g...

https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/69885/1/apnm-2015-0238.pdf

Multimodal high-intensity interval training increases muscle function and metabolic performance in females

The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to assess the effect of concurrent high intensity interval training (HIIT) and resistance training (RT) on strength and hypertrophy. Five ...

The compatibility of concurrent high intensity interval training and resistance training for muscular strength and hypertrophy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Both athletes and recreational exercisers often perform relatively high volumes of aerobic and strength training simultaneously. However, the compatibility of these two distinct training modes remains unclear. This systematic review assessed the compatibility of concurrent aerobic and strength training compared with strength training alone, in terms of adaptations in muscle function (maximal and explosive strength) and muscle mass. Subgroup analyses were conducted to examine the influence of training modality, training type, exercise order, training frequency, age, and training status. A systematic literature search was conducted according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. PubMed/MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, Embase, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and Scopus were systematically searched (12 August 2020, updated on 15 March 2021). Eligibility criteria were as follows. Population: healthy adults of any sex and age; Intervention: supervised concurrent aerobic and strength training for at least 4 weeks; Comparison: identical strength training prescription, with no aerobic training; Outcome: maximal strength, explosive strength, and muscle hypertrophy. A total of 43 studies were included. The estimated standardised mean differences (SMD) based on the random-effects model were − 0.06 (95% confidence interval [CI] − 0.20 to 0.09; p = 0.446), − 0.28 (95% CI − 0.48 to − 0.08; p = 0.007), and − 0.01 (95% CI − 0.16 to 0.18; p = 0.919) for maximal strength, explosive strength, and muscle hypertrophy, respectively. Attenuation of explosive strength was more pronounced when concurrent training was performed within the same session (p = 0.043) than when sessions were separated by at least 3 h (p > 0.05). No significant effects were found for the other moderators, i.e. type of aerobic training (cycling vs. running), frequency of concurrent training (> 5 vs.   40 years). Concurrent aerobic and strength training does not compromise muscle hypertrophy and maximal strength development. However, explosive strength gains may be attenuated, especially when aerobic and strength training are performed in the same session. These results appeared to be independent of the type of aerobic training, frequency of concurrent training, training status, and age. PROSPERO: CRD42020203777.

/pdf/compatibility-of-concurrent-aerobic-and-strength-training-2xyb9njixq.pdf

Compatibility of Concurrent Aerobic and Strength Training for Skeletal Muscle Size and Function: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

It is universally accepted that resistance training promotes increases in
 muscle strength and hypertrophy in younger and older populations. Although
 less investigated, studies largely suggest resistance training results in
 lower skeletal muscle mitochondrial volume; a phenomenon which has been
 described as a “dilution of the mitochondrial volume” via
 resistance training. While this phenomenon is poorly understood, it is
 likely a result of muscle fiber hypertrophy outpacing mitochondrial
 biogenesis. Critically, there is no evidence to suggest resistance training
 promotes a net loss in mitochondria. Further, given the numerous reports
 suggesting resistance training does not decrease and may even increase
 VO2max in previously untrained individuals, it is plausible
 certain aspects of mitochondrial function may be enhanced with resistance
 training, and this area warrants further research consideration. Finally,
 there are emerging data suggesting resistance training may affect
 mitochondrial dynamics. The current review will provide an in-depth
 discussion of these topics and posit future research directions which can
 further our understanding of how resistance training may affect skeletal
 muscle mitochondrial physiology.

Human Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Adaptations Following Resistance Exercise Training.

Muscular activity, vertical displacement and ground reaction forces of back squats (BS), rear-leg elevated split squats (RLESS) and split squats (SS) were examined. Nine resistance-trained men reported for two sessions. The first session consisted of the consent process, practice, and BS 1-repetition maximum testing. In the second session, participants performed the three exercises while EMG, displacment and ground reaction force data (one leg on plate) were collected. EMG data were collected from the gluteus maximus (GMX), biceps femoris (BF), semitendinosus (ST), rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), tibialis anterior (TA), and medial gastrocnemius (MGas) of the left leg (non-dominant, front leg for unilateral squats). Load for BS was 85% one repetition maximum, and RLESS and SS were performed at 50% of BS load. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare all variables for the three exercises, with Bonferroni adjustments for post hoc multiple comparisons, in addition to calculation of standardized mean differences (ES). Muscle activity was similar between exercises except for biceps femoris, which was significantly higher during RLESS than SS during both concentric and eccentric phases (ES = 2.11; p=0.012 and ES= 2.19; p=0.008), and significantly higher during BS than the SS during the concentric phase (ES = 1.78; p=0.029). Vertical displacement was similar between all exercises. Peak vertical force was similar between BS and RLESS and significantly greater during RLESS than SS (ES = 3.03; p=0.001). These findings may be helpful in designing resistance training programs by using RLESS if greater biceps femoris activity is desired.

/pdf/muscle-activity-in-single-vs-double-leg-squats-42kxjb2fj9.pdf

Muscle Activity in Single- vs. Double-Leg Squats.

Lantis, DJ, Farrell, JW, III, Cantrell, GS, and Larson, RD Eight weeks of high volume resistance training improves onset of blood lactate in trained individuals J Strength Cond Res 31(8): 2176-2182, 2017-The purpose of this study was to determine if onset of blood lactate (OBLA) using the fixed at 4 mmol·L method could be delayed by supplementing high-volume resistance training (HVRT) to existing endurance training programs There were 20 male subjects who participated in the study; 11 experimental (EX) (228 ± 46 years) and 9 controls (CON) (232 ± 58 years) An incremental cycling test was performed to determine maximal oxygen uptake, OBLA, maximum power, and time to exhaustion Additionally, strength of the leg press (LP), leg curl (LC), and leg extension (LE) was assessed in both groups Participants continued their ongoing endurance training, whereas the EX group supplemented their training with HVRT twice weekly for 8 weeks, performing 4 sets of 15 repetitions of LP, LC, and LE Change score (post-pre) analysis was measured, using t-tests to compare the differences between groups, to eliminate outside variables that may have affected testing performance Significance was set at p ≤ 005 No significant group differences in baseline measures were observed A significant difference was observed for OBLA at 4 mmol·L (EX: 1817 ± 1536 W and CON: -352 ± 2013 W, p < 002) A significant difference was observed for LP (EX: 3909 ± 2587 kg and CON: 422 ± 3465 kg, p < 002) and LC (EX: 2284 ± 87 kg and CON: -147 ± 82 kg, p < 001) Supplementing HVRT in endurance-trained individuals delayed OBLA at 4 mmol·L and improved leg strength The HVRT used in the current study may be a useful training style for endurance-trained individuals

Eight Weeks of High-Volume Resistance Training Improves Onset of Blood Lactate in Trained Individuals

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disease characterized by demyelination disrupting the central nervous system. Persons with MS may exhibit symptomatic strength asymmetry (SA) that impacts motor gait and ankle mobility. The purpose of the present study was to investigate ankle dorsiflexion SA in people with MS and its relationship to functional performance.Is their a difference in dorsiflexion SA in MS participants compared to healthy individuals and does it impact functional performance?13 MS participants (EDSS 3.5 + 1.8) and 13 age matched NON-MS participants underwent maximal isometric (MVC) dynamometry testing for ankle dorsiflexion in both limbs to determine SA. Participants performed three functional tasks of walking performance.There was a significant intra-limb MVC difference in the MS group, and significantly greater isometric SA (p < 0.007) and isokinetic SA (p < 0.04) in the MS group compared to healthy individuals. The MS group exhibited significant correlations between outcomes of functional walking performance with isokinetic but not isometric SA. There was no significant correlation between disability status and functional task performance.Ankle dorsiflexion SA is negatively correlated with functional performance in MS participants. MS disability status was not a predictor of functional task performance, and symptom testing may be appropriate to assess walking ability in persons with MS. 

Ankle dorsiflexion asymmetry and the relationship with walking performance in people with multiple sclerosis.

Background of Study: Observations of limb to limb differences (bilateral asymmetry) in leg strength, power, peak oxygen uptake (VO2) and bone mineral density has been reported in individuals with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Objetives: The purpose of this study was to quantify the magnitude of bilateral asymmetries in oxygen uptake (VO2) kinetics response to single leg cycling (SLC) in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Methods: Five MS patients (2 men, 3 women; age 43±7 yrs) performed constant work rate SLC trials to determine VO2 kinetics in each leg. Asymmetry scores were used to quantify the magnitude of the bilateral asymmetries. Results: Significant asymmetries were seen in VO2 peak and parameters of VO2 kinetics. VO2peak asymmetry score was significantly different than 0% (p=0.015). Similarly, significant asymmetry for VO2 kinetic response to exercise as mean response time was observed (p=0.03). In addition the VO2 response to exercise resulted in a significant asymmetry in VO2 deficit between legs (p=0.03). No correlation between EDSS scores and any asymmetry scores existed. Conclusions: These findings provide insight into the potential differences in metabolic perturbation and limb specific symptomatic fatigue within the MS population.

/pdf/evaluation-of-oxygen-uptake-kinetic-asymmetries-in-patients-bec0xo56kq.pdf

Evaluation of Oxygen Uptake Kinetic Asymmetries in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Pilot Study

Ankle Dorsiflexion Asymmetry and the Relationship with Walking Performance in People with Multiple Sclerosis

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