Energy storage devices are collocated with conventional solar photovoltaic (PV) systems to tackle the intermittency of solar irradiance and maintain the power quality of supplied energy. The energy storage system usually has its own conversion devices that may incur an extra capital cost of installation. This paper proposes an integrated and cost-effective photovoltaic-supercapacitor (PVSC) system in which the energy storage functionality of the supercapacitor (SC) is merged into the PV array where the power flow bidirectionally takes place to maintain the system stability under grid disturbances during the daytime, nighttime, and cloudy weather. A nonlinear mathematical model (NMM) was developed to conduct the stability analyses and to design the controller parameters, which facilitates a faster and more accurate numerical analysis compared to existing average models. The effectiveness of the proposed system was evaluated by simulation analysis and compared to that of the basic PV and a conventional SC system in which full energy storage is connected in parallel with the PV. The results demonstrate that the proposed PVSC system is effective in improving the dynamic performance of the connected power grid system. In addition, the proposed PVSC system fulfills the functionality of the conventional SC with merged conversion devices; that is, the performance of the proposed PVSC system is comparable to the conventional SC system.

Dynamic Performance Enhancement of Power Grids by Operating Solar Photovoltaic (PV) System as Supercapacitor Energy Storage

Supercapacitor is a relatively new type of electric component used to store energy compared to a battery. Supercapacitor charge and discharge cycle are faster compared to the battery along with higher power density which increase its application in recent years. However, supercapacitors have quite high self-discharge compared to batteries. This makes energy stored in supercapacitor decrease faster over time when not in use. Various study has been done towards the self-discharge behavior of SC which is both experimentally and in simulation. The simulation is done by various methods and models which have been proposed by previous researchers. Most of the methods that have been used were based on the Equivalent Circuit Model as it is the easiest method available. However, there is still another method proposed such as the Fractional-order model. This paper will review some of the methods and models used to study self-discharge behavior.

/pdf/the-different-approach-for-supercapacitor-modelling-in-the-1ndn21hl.pdf

The different approach for supercapacitor modelling in the perspective of self-discharge study

Supercapacitors start to become major energy storage for electrical and electronic applications other than batteries. It provides better charging and discharging cycle in terms of time and rate of current which is higher than batteries. The ability to charge and discharge at a high current makes the supercapacitor has a higher power density which made it suitable for various application with high power demand. Supercapacitor is also sustainable material as it has a high charging cycle and longer life span. Self-discharge is the only drawback of the supercapacitor when compared to a battery. Supercapacitor self-discharge is affected by the charge and discharge cycle and the time taken to discharge after charge which will be the focus of this paper. The time where the supercapacitor is let in an open circuit gives effect toward the next self-discharge condition after fully charged to its rated voltage. The same rated supercapacitor will undergo constant current charging and be stored at a different timeframe and measure the self-discharge. The different timeframe to store the supercapacitor even with the same capacitance and rated voltage in an open circuit condition gives an effect on the self-discharge rate where the results show the longer time the supercapacitor is stored after fully charged, the higher the self-discharge rate of the supercapacitor will be. 

Self-discharge of Supercapacitor under Different Timeframe for Open Circuit Condition

Supercapacitors start to become major energy storage for electrical and electronic applications other than batteries. It provides better charging and discharging cycle in terms of time and rate of current which is higher than batteries. The ability to charge and discharge at a high current makes the supercapacitor has a higher power density which made it suitable for various application with high power demand. Supercapacitor is also sustainable material as it has a high charging cycle and longer life span. Self-discharge is the only drawback of the supercapacitor when compared to a battery. Supercapacitor self-discharge is affected by the charge and discharge cycle and the time taken to discharge after charge which will be the focus of this paper. The time where the supercapacitor is let in an open circuit gives effect toward the next self-discharge condition after fully charged to its rated voltage. The same rated supercapacitor will undergo constant current charging and be stored at a different timeframe and measure the self-discharge. The different timeframe to store the supercapacitor even with the same capacitance and rated voltage in an open circuit condition gives an effect on the self-discharge rate where the results show the longer time the supercapacitor is stored after fully charged, the higher the self-discharge rate of the supercapacitor will be.

Nur Hanisah Abdul Malek, Wan Fairos Wan Yaacob, Yap Bee Wah, Syerina Azlin Md Nasir, Norshahida Shaadan, Sapto Wahyu Indratno Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Kelantan, Kota Bharu, Malaysia Institute for Big Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence (IBDAAI), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Malaysia UNITAR Graduate School, UNITAR International University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Malaysia Statistics Research Division, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Scieces, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia Natural Language Processing and Big Data Analytics (U-CoE AI-VLB), Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia

Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

Hybrid energy storage system configuration, novel to the authors' knowledge, is introduced. Interleaving the super capacitor between the electrostatically sensitive devices (ESDs) and DC-link capacitor enables the supercapacitor to directly handle all power demands in transient or steady state mode. Differentiation regarding the nature of the power demand is eliminated thus reducing the system's control complexity. Sliding-mode DC-DC control method is adapted to address the voltage variations and sustain the desired output voltage. The proposed system is implemented and verified via Matlab Simulink using a practical test case for household energy back up system. This new system can be integrated to PV power generation systems.

Supercapacitor implementation for PV power generation system and integration

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Supercapacitor implementation for PV power generation system and integration