Enzyme immobilization has been developing since the 1960s and although many industrial biocatalytic processes use the technology to improve enzyme performance, still today we are far from full exploitation of the field. One clear reason is that many evaluate immobilization based on only a few experiments that are not always well-designed. In contrast to many other reviews on the subject, here we highlight the pitfalls of using incorrectly designed immobilization protocols and explain why in many cases sub-optimal results are obtained. We also describe solutions to overcome these challenges and come to the conclusion that recent developments in material science, bioprocess engineering and protein science continue to open new opportunities for the future. In this way, enzyme immobilization, far from being a mature discipline, remains as a subject of high interest and where intense research is still necessary to take full advantage of the possibilities.

Is enzyme immobilization a mature discipline? Some critical considerations to capitalize on the benefits of immobilization.

Multistep enzyme cascades as a route towards green and sustainable pharmaceutical syntheses

Biocatalysis community has witnessed a drastic increase in the number of studies for the use of enzymes in continuously operated flow reactors. This significant interest arose from the possibility of combining the strengths of the two worlds: enhanced mass transfer and resource efficient synthesis achieved in flow chemistry at micro-scales and excellent selectivities obtained in biocatalysis. Within this review, we present very recent (from 2018 to September 2020) developments in the field of biocatalysis in continuously operated systems. Briefly, we describe the fundamentals of continuously operated reactors with a special focus on enzyme-catalyzed reactions. We devoted special attention on future perspectives in this key emerging technological area ranging from process analytical technologies to digitalization.

/pdf/the-rise-of-continuous-flow-biocatalysis-fundamentals-very-yvdsie0fcf.pdf

The rise of continuous flow biocatalysis – fundamentals, very recent developments and future perspectives

Since the industrial revolution, the rapid growth and development of global industries have depended largely upon the utilization of coal-derived chemicals, and more recently, the utilization of petroleum-based chemicals. These developments have followed a linear economy model (produce, consume, and dispose). As the world is facing a serious threat from the climate change crisis, a more sustainable solution for manufacturing, i.e., circular economy in which waste from the same or different industries can be used as feedstocks or resources for production offers an attractive industrial/business model. In nature, biological systems, i.e., microorganisms routinely use their enzymes and metabolic pathways to convert organic and inorganic wastes to synthesize biochemicals and energy required for their growth. Therefore, an understanding of how selected enzymes convert biobased feedstocks into special (bio)chemicals serves as an important basis from which to build on for applications in biocatalysis, metabolic engineering, and synthetic biology to enable biobased processes that are greener and cleaner for the environment. This review article highlights the current state of knowledge regarding the enzymatic reactions used in converting biobased wastes (lignocellulosic biomass, sugar, phenolic acid, triglyceride, fatty acid, and glycerol) and greenhouse gases (CO2 and CH4) into value-added products and discusses the current progress made in their metabolic engineering. The commercial aspects and life cycle assessment of products from enzymatic and metabolic engineering are also discussed. Continued development in the field of metabolic engineering would offer diversified solutions which are sustainable and renewable for manufacturing valuable chemicals.

Enzymes, In Vivo Biocatalysis, and Metabolic Engineering for Enabling a Circular Economy and Sustainability.

Round, round we go - strategies for enzymatic cofactor regeneration.

Introduction Introduction Results Conclusions Author Contributions Competing Interests Statement General DNA manipulation G3PDEc NoxCa GlpKTk AceKMs GlpKTk-AceKMs G3PDEc-NOXCa GlpKTk-AceKMsE2Aa G3PDEc-NOXCa-Est2Aa FruASc-Est2Aa Engineered Fusion Protein... Expression of individual enzymes... Expression of GlpKTk-AceKMs-E2Aa Expression and purification of... Expression and purification of... Protein Expression and... Synthesis of N6-2AE-ADP ...

/pdf/engineered-enzymes-that-retain-and-regenerate-their-4evbh09z54.pdf

Engineered Enzymes that Retain and Regenerate their Cofactors Enable Continuous-Flow Biocatalysis

This article describes three case studies of the commercialisation of early-stage technologies involving Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); extended-wear contact lenses, biostable biocompatible polymers for medical implant devices, and biodegradable biocompatible polymers for medical implant devices. The case studies extend the portfolio of detailed, highly contextualised studies of innovation in the Australian context. They also provide a window into CSIRO, commercialisation pathways and the national system of innovation in Australia. In particular, they highlight the paradox of public science and global business in the Australian context. The paradox is that global business depends upon public science for innovation more than ever, but makes it increasingly difficult for countries to capture the benefits of public science. It adds major complexity to the successful realisation of a more commercial approach by Australia's public research organisations such as CSIRO, and the capture of benefits from the national system of innovation.

https://researchbank.swinburne.edu.au/file/ee00a83e-5631-4841-8086-9e8f9f19267f/1/PDF (Published version).pdf

The paradox of public science and global business: CSIRO, commercialisation and the national system of innovation in Australia

The Australian chemical industry is facing a testing period as it adjusts to the challenges of the new global era. This paper briefly traces the evolution of the industry through an extended period behind protective tariff barriers to the situation today, as it confronts the new competitive environment. While the industry is adjusting as new companies emerge and specialist export-oriented production increases, the current situation continues as "work in progress". We argue that its future success will depend on its ability to innovate and to renew itself. We draw some generic lessons from a review of successful innovation in the Australian chemical industry and identify four key strategies for companies namely: (1) working within existing global value chains, (2) engaging with other globally focused industries, (3) developing an integrated packaging concept for their products and services, and (4) leveraging the knowledge of others.

Innovation Strategies for the Australian Chemical Industry

Twelfth IUPAC International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry, Melbourne, Australia, 2010—Chemistry for a Sustainable World

Innovation and the Australian chemical industry

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