Background The theory of motivation suggests that individual motivation is moderately stimulated to drive individuals to engage in the behaviors for which they are motivated. It is therefore that the moderate stimulation of exercise motivation will likely lead to the enhancement of college students’ participation in exercise. Objective Investigate the effect of exercise motivation on college students’ self-efficacy, reveal the mediating role of leisure satisfaction and mental toughness, and provide empirical evidence improving college students’ self-efficacy through exercise motivation. Methods A stratified whole-sample approach was employed to survey 715 college students, based on a correlation table with good reliability and validity. Scale items were designed to collect subjects’ exercise motivation, self-efficacy, leisure satisfaction, and mental toughness in the study context. Mediation effect analyses were carried out using SPSS and AMOS. Results and conclusion A significant positive effect of exercise motivation on self-efficacy ( β = 0.18, p &amp;lt; 0.001), leisure satisfaction ( β = 0.50, p &amp;lt; 0.001), and mental toughness ( β = 0.45, p &amp;lt; 0.001). Leisure satisfaction and mental toughness had a significant positive effect on self-efficacy ( β = 0.40, p &amp;lt; 0.001; β = 0.30, p &amp;lt; 0.001). Furthermore, leisure satisfaction and mental toughness significantly mediated in exercise motivation and self-efficacy. In conclusion, our findings further explored the effects of exercise motivation on college students’ self-efficacy and revealed the mediating roles of leisure satisfaction and mental toughness. 

The effect of exercise motivation on college students’ self-efficacy: the mediating roles of leisure satisfaction and mental toughness

This work analyses the motivational regulation, achievement goals and sport commitment of Spanish Masters swimmers, being the first study of its kind. A total of 211 (106 women and 105 men) Masters swimmers from the Federation of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain) aged between 20 and 74 participated. Each participant completed the Sport Motivation Scale (motivation regulation), the Achievement Goals Questionnaire for Sport (achievement goals) and the Sport Commitment Questionnaire (sport commitment), all validated for the Spanish population. A mixed rANOVA was performed to analyse the results, using sex and age group as covariates, and the different groupings of the sample (weekly training days, weekly training hours and practice of other sports) as between-participants factors. The results showed that the participants presented a predominantly intrinsic–integrated and identified regulation, rather than introjected and external regulation. Mastery goals were more prevalent than performance–approach and performance–avoidance goals. In addition, current sport commitment was high, being greater than future commitment. Pearson’s correlation analysis showed moderate relationships between our variables. We found no influence of either the covariates of sex and age or the grouping variables. These findings serve as the basis for further study of the motivation of Masters swimmers in Spain.

Self-Determined Regulation, Achievement Goals and Sport Commitment in Spanish Masters Swimmers

BACKGROUND
Youth sport specialization is a growing trend in youth sports and is associated with an increased risk of injuries and burnout. However, it is unknown how sport specialization is perceived to be affecting the working environment of secondary school athletic trainers (ATs). The purpose of this paper is to describe how ATs perceive youth sport specialization impacting their workload and whether they perceive it to impact patient safety.


HYPOTHESIS
ATs will perceive that youth sport specialization impacts their workload and could impact patient safety.


STUDY DESIGN
A sequential, explanatory mixed methods design with 2 phases: (1) cross-sectional surveys and (2) individual interviews.


LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Level 3.


METHODS
A total of 487 secondary school ATs completed the online survey (access rate, 8.4%; completion rate, 85.4%). The survey consisted of Likert questions and included sections about aspects of workload impacted by specialization, impacts on patient safety, demographics. Ten participants were selected to complete a semi-structured interview via video conference.


RESULTS
Approximately two-thirds of ATs perceive that sport specialization impacts their workload. (Somewhat, 38.6%; Quite a bit, 25.5%; A great deal, 5.5%) Attempts to reduce or modify patient activity and a patient's time for rehabilitation were the highest rated aspects of workload impacted by sport specialization. Approximately 30% ATs (29.9%) perceive that sport specialization impacts their workload to where it may influence patient safety (Somewhat, 21.6%; Quite a bit, 6.4%; A great deal, 1.9%). Three themes and subsequent subthemes were identified from the qualitative interviews: (1) current youth sport expectations, (2) conflict between school and club sports, and (3) AT job impacts.


CONCLUSION
Secondary school ATs perceive their workload to be negatively impacted by youth sport specialization and some believe it may impact patient safety.


CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Youth sport specialization is impacting youth sport stakeholders, including ATs, in a variety of ways.

Secondary School Athletic Trainers' Perceptions of How Youth Sport Specialization Impacts Workload.

CONTEXT
Girls' high school volleyball is a popular sport with a high rate of overuse injuries and sport specialization. Health professionals perceive that high school athletes are reluctant to follow treatment plans involving sport activity reduction. This study's purpose was to describe high school girls' volleyball athletes' self-reported shoulder and knee pain, the likelihood of adhering to medical advice, and the association of factors that influence the likelihood of reporting overuse injuries and sport specialization.


STUDY DESIGN
Cross-sectional.


METHODS
Participants completed an online survey (demographics, sport participation measures, shoulder and knee pain information, medical adherence likelihood [4-point Likert: not at all likely to extremely likely], and factors influencing overuse injury reporting intentions). A 2 × 2 chi-square analysis compared factors that influence athletes' intentions to "not report an overuse injury" (eg, I thought my coach would get mad; yes/no) and sport specialization (nonhighly specialized/highly specialized athletes).


RESULTS
There were 150 participants (highly specialized = 56%, grade: ninth = 33%, 10th = 28%, 11th = 22%, 12th = 17%). At least 60% reported shoulder and knee pain related to an overuse mechanism. Most reportedly did not seek rehabilitation led by a medical provider (shoulder pain = 66%, knee pain = 60%). Only 11% of athletes reported they were "extremely likely" to rest from sporting activity during the regular season if advised by a medical professional. Highly specialized athletes were more likely to report the pursuit of a college scholarship as a factor that influences their intention to report an overuse injury compared to nonhighly specialized athletes (13% vs 3%, respectively, P = .04).


CONCLUSIONS
Most girls' volleyball athletes did not treat their pain with guided rehabilitation, which may increase their risk of a worse overuse injury or even acute injury. Clinicians, athletes, parents, and coaches need to work together to create a sport culture that empowers athletes to discuss their pain and overuse injuries with medical professionals.

High School Girls' Volleyball Athletes' Self-Reported Management of Pain, Intentions to Report Overuse Injuries, and Intentions to Adhere to Medical Advice for Treating Overuse Injuries.

To evaluate the role of parental influence on youth SSS and to characterize parental perceptions of SSS. 

Parental influence and perceptions on youth single sport specialization: a systematic review

CONTEXT
Studies have illustrated that overuse injuries occur in adolescent athletes more often than previously reported. The general purpose of this study was to provide a thorough report of secondary school athletic trainers encounters, practices, and perceptions of overuse injury in adolescent athletes.


DESIGN
Cross-sectional.


METHODS
An anonymous online questionnaire was distributed via email to athletic trainers in the secondary school setting. The questionnaire was sent to participants during the summer of 2021 and 430 participants (highest educational degree earned: master's degree = 66%) completed the survey. Various survey methods were used to evaluate athletic trainers (1) demographics, (2) estimations about what percentage of injuries evaluated and treated were classified as overuse, (3) methods for treating overuse injuries, (4) confidence in treating overuse injuries and the complete implementation of their treatment plan, (5) perceptions of various barriers to treating overuse injuries, and (6) perception as to why patients did not want to reduce activity to treat their overuse injuries.


RESULTS
Participants reported that about half of all evaluations and treatments in a year were overuse injuries and they were "fairly" or "completely" confident (90%) in their ability to treat these injuries. The most common treatments cited were stretching (91%) and reducing activity (90%). Only 61% of participants were "fairly" or "completely" confident in the complete implementation of their treatment plan. Participants believed that patients' reluctance to reduce sport activities (82% "moderate" or "extreme" barrier) was the most significant barrier to treatment. Participants cited athletes' avoidance of missing games as the most common reason athletes were reluctant to reduce sporting activity.


CONCLUSIONS
Participants felt confident in treating overuse injuries yet faced significant barriers in treating these injuries. Clinicians should be prepared to have conversations about the importance of reducing sporting activity to allow proper healing for overuse injuries in adolescent athletes.

https://journals.humankinetics.com/downloadpdf/journals/jsr/32/4/article-p402.pdf

Secondary School Athletic Trainers' Strategies and Barriers to Overuse Injury Treatment in Adolescent Athletes.

Attitudes and beliefs of parents about sport specialization may indicate why youth athletes decide to specialize. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between sport specialization level, ice hockey position, and the parent/guardians’ attitudes and beliefs on sport specialization. Our results demonstrate that goalies were the most likely to specialize, and parents of specialized ice hockey players tend to believe that sport specialization helps their child achieve future sporting aspirations. Increased sport specialization may put ice hockey goalies at an increased risk for overuse injuries, and parents’ beliefs about sport specialization may impact their child’s sporting behaviors.

The Association of Sport Specialization With Youth Ice Hockey Position and Youth Ice Hockey Parents’ Perceptions of Sport Specialization

CONTEXT
Sport specialization has been assumed to have psychosocial ramifications for athletes, including on autonomous motivation which has been linked with continued sport participation. Sport dropout is common in youth athletes, yet it is unknown how sport specialization may affect this population psychosocially.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the association of sport specialization with sport autonomous and controlled motivation and amotivation in middle school-aged athletes.


STUDY DESIGN
Cross-sectional.


SETTING
An anonymous online questionnaire was distributed to athletes via schools, club sports, and social media.


PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS
A total of 178 athletes (Male=59%, private school=51%, grade: 6th=20%, 7th=32%, 8th=48%) completed the questionnaire.


MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
The questionnaire assessed sport participation, motivation using the Youth Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire, and demographics. Sport specialization was defined using a modified 3-point scale (low, moderate, and high) and multisport versus single-sport athletes. Non-parametric tests were used to analyze the differences between the types of motivation and specialization levels and multisport versus single sport athletes.


RESULTS
Sport specialization categories were not significantly associated with autonomous motivation, controlled motivation, or amotivation. There were no statistically significant associations between multisport or single sport athletes with any type of motivation. However, exploratory analysis revealed multisport athletes had significantly higher scores for intrinsic motivation, a subscale of autonomous motivation, compared to single sport athletes (single sport: median=5.00 25th-75th quartile=4.50-5.00; multisport: median=5.00 25th-75th quartile=5.00-5.00; p=0.04).


CONCLUSIONS
Sport motivation did not differ between sport specialization groups in middle school athletes. Dropout of sport is common in middle school-aged athletes but is multifactorial in nature. Lack of sport motivation could be a factor for some athletes, but all specialization groups appeared to have similar outcomes. Out exploratory analysis suggests that clinicians may consider having an open dialogue with single-sport athletes, their parents/guardians, and coaches to ensure athletes are enjoying their sport.

/pdf/the-association-between-sport-specialization-and-sport-1gk8x2ez.pdf

The Association Between Sport Specialization and Sport Motivation in Middle School-Aged Athletes.

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Secondary School Athletic Trainers' Strategies and Barriers to Overuse Injury Treatment in Adolescent Athletes.

The Association of Sport Specialization With Youth Ice Hockey Position and Youth Ice Hockey Parents’ Perceptions of Sport Specialization

The Association Between Sport Specialization and Sport Motivation in Middle School-Aged Athletes.