Sprint mechanics and field 100-m performances were tested in 13 subjects including 9 non-specialists, 3 French national-level sprinters and a world-class sprinter, to further study the mechanical factors associated with sprint performance. 6-s sprints performed on an instrumented treadmill allowed continuous recording of step kinematics, ground reaction forces (GRF), and belt velocity and computation of mechanical power output and linear force–velocity relationships. An index of the force application technique was computed as the slope of the linear relationship between the decrease in the ratio of horizontal-to-resultant GRF and the increase in velocity. Mechanical power output was positively correlated to mean 100-m speed (P 0.683; P 0.21). Last, anthropometric data of body mass index and lowerlimb- to-height ratio showed no significant correlation with 100-m performance. We concluded that the main mechanical determinants of 100-m performance were (1) a ‘‘velocity-oriented’’ force–velocity profile, likely explained by (2) a higher ability to apply the resultant GRF vector with a forward orientation over the acceleration, and (3) a higher step frequency resulting from a shorter contact time.

/pdf/mechanical-determinants-of-100-m-sprint-running-performance-bkd7kcoskz.pdf

Mechanical determinants of 100-m sprint running performance.

This study aimed to validate a simple field method for determining force– and power–velocity relationships and mechanical effectiveness of force application during sprint running. The proposed method, based on an inverse dynamic approach applied to the body center of mass, estimates the step-averaged ground reaction forces in runner's sagittal plane of motion during overground sprint acceleration from only anthropometric and spatio-temporal data. Force– and power–velocity relationships, the associated variables, and mechanical effectiveness were determined (a) on nine sprinters using both the proposed method and force plate measurements and (b) on six other sprinters using the proposed method during several consecutive trials to assess the inter-trial reliability. The low bias (<5%) and narrow limits of agreement between both methods for maximal horizontal force (638 ± 84 N), velocity (10.5 ± 0.74 m/s), and power output (1680 ± 280 W); for the slope of the force–velocity relationships ; and for the mechanical effectiveness of force application showed high concurrent validity of the proposed method. The low standard errors of measurements between trials (<5%) highlighted the high reliability of the method. These findings support the validity of the proposed simple method, convenient for field use, to determine power, force, velocity properties, and mechanical effectiveness in sprint running.

/pdf/a-simple-method-for-measuring-power-force-velocity-497qtuipgy.pdf

A simple method for measuring power, force, velocity properties, and mechanical effectiveness in sprint running

& This study analyzed the contribution of the pro-pulsive and braking phases among diﬀ erent per-centages of the one-repetition maximum (1RM) in the concentric bench press exercise. One hun-dred strength-trained men performed a test with increasing loads up to the 1RM for the individual determination of the load-power relationship. The relative load that maximized the mechanical power output (P max ) was determined using three diﬀ erent parameters: mean concentric power (MP), mean power of the propulsive phase (MPP) and peak power (PP). The load at which the brak-ing phase no longer existed was 76.1 ± 7.4 % 1RM. P max was dependent on the parameter used: MP (54.2 % ), MPP (36.5 % ) or PP (37.4 % ). No signi ﬁ -cant diﬀ erences were found for loads between 40 – 65 % 1RM (MP) or 20 – 55 % 1RM (MPP and PP), nor between P max % 1RM) ( when using MPP or PP. P max was independent of relative strength, although certain tendency towards slightly lower loads was detected for the strongest subjects. These results highlight the importance of con-sidering the contribution of the propulsive and braking phases in isoinertial strength and power assessments. Referring the mean mechanical val-ues to the propulsive phase avoids underestimat-ing an individual ’ s true neuromuscular potential when lifting light and medium loads.

Importance of the propulsive phase in strength assessment.

SUMMARYTHE ABILITY TO EXPRESS HIGH POWER OUTPUTS IS CONSIDERED TO BE ONE OF THE FOUNDATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS UNDERLYING SUCCESSFUL PERFORMANCE IN A VARIETY OF SPORTING ACTIVITIES, INCLUDING JUMPING, THROWING, AND CHANGING DIRECTION. NUMEROUS TRAINING INTERVENTIONS HAVE BEEN RECOMMENDED TO ENHANCE TH

Training Principles for Power

Purpose: The study�s purpose was to determine the respective influences of the maximal power (


Equation (Uncited)
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) and the force�velocity (F�v) mechanical profile of the lower limb neuromuscular system on performance in ballistic movements.

Methods: A theoretical integrative approach was proposed to express ballistic performance as a mathematical function of 


Equation (Uncited)
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and F�v profile. This equation was (i) validated from experimental data obtained on 14 subjects during lower limb ballistic inclined push-offs and (ii) simulated to quantify the respective influence of 


Equation (Uncited)
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and F�v profile on performance.

Results: The bias between performances predicted and obtained from experimental measurements was 4%�7%, confirming the validity of the proposed theoretical approach. Simulations showed that ballistic performance was mostly influenced not only by 


Equation (Uncited)
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but also by the balance between force and velocity capabilities as described by the F�v profile. For each individual, there is an optimal F�v profile that maximizes performance, whereas unfavorable F�v balances lead to differences in performance up to 30% for a given 


Equation (Uncited)
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. This optimal F�v profile, which can be accurately determined, depends on some individual characteristics (limb extension range, 


Equation (Uncited)
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) and on the afterload involved in the movement (inertia, inclination). The lower the afterload, the more the optimal F�v profile is oriented toward velocity capabilities and the greater the limitation of performance imposed by the maximal velocity of lower limb extension.

Conclusions: High ballistic performances are determined by both maximization of the power output capabilities and optimization of the F�v mechanical profile of the lower limb neuromuscular system.

Optimal Force-Velocity Profile in Ballistic Movements—Altius: Citius or Fortius?

The ability to optimise muscular power output is considered fundamental to successful performance of many athletic and sporting activities. Consequently, a great deal of research has investigated methods to improve power output and its transference to athletic performance. One issue that makes comparisons between studies difficult is the different modes of dynamometry (isometric, isokinetic and isoinertial) used to measure strength and power. However, it is recognised that isokinetic and isometric assessment bear little resemblance to the accelerative/decelerative motion implicit in limb movement during resistance training and sporting performance. Furthermore, most people who train to increase power would have limited or no access to isometric and/or isokinetic dynamometry. It is for these reasons and for the sake of brevity that the findings of isoinertial (constant gravitational load) research will provide the focus of much of the discussion in this review.

http://www.luzimarteixeira.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Challenges-in-Understanding-the1.pdf

Challenges in Understanding the Influence of Maximal Power Training on Improving Athletic Performance

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Challenges in Understanding the Influence of Maximal Power Training on Improving Athletic Performance