Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a important health problem that induces ernestful complications and it causes significant morbidity owing to specific microvascular complications such as, retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy, and macrovascular complications such as, ischaemic heart disease, and peripheral vasculopathy. It can affect children, young people and adults and is becoming more common. Ocular complications associated with DM are progressive and rapidly becoming the world’s most significant cause of morbidity and are preventable with early detection and timely treatment. This review provides an overview of five main ocular complications associated with DM, diabetic retinopathy and papillopathy, cataract, glaucoma, and ocular surface diseases.

Ocular complications of diabetes mellitus.

Literature that describes the prevalence of inherited red-green color deficiency in different populations is reviewed. Large random population surveys show that the prevalence of deficiency in European Caucasians is about 8% in men and about 0.4% in women and between 4% and 6.5% in men of Chinese and Japanese ethnicity. However, the male: female prevalence ratio is markedly different in Europeans and Asians. Recent surveys suggest that the prevalence is rising in men of African ethnicity and in geographic areas that have been settled by incoming migrants. It is proposed that founder events and genetic drift, rather than natural selection, are the cause of these differences.

Worldwide prevalence of red-green color deficiency

Retinal nerve fiber layer evaluation by optical coherence tomography in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy.

https://jmg.bmj.com/content/jmedgenet/35/9/792.2.full.pdf

Emery's Elements of Medical Genetics

(1994). Diagnosis of Defective Colour Vision. Clinical and Experimental Optometry: Vol. 77, No. 2, pp. 85-85.

Diagnosis of Defective Colour Vision

This is a collaborative case–control study from Ophthalmology and Cardiology departments of a tertiary care hospital, designed to explore the relationship between coronary artery disease (CAD) and pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX). In all, 50 patients with CAD proven by coronary angiography, and 50 controls with normal coronary angiographic findings were compared in terms of PEX, other vascular diseases, and retinal vascular findings. χ2-test and Student's t-test were used for statistical analysis. The number of patients with PEX among CAD (+) patients was substantially larger than controls. In all, 28 of 50 CAD (+) patients and only 12 of 50 CAD (−) patients had PEX. PEX was significantly associated with CAD (P=0.001). When all patients were regrouped according to the presence of PEX, patients with PEX did not differ from patients without PEX in terms of age (P=0.360) and sex (P=0.507), but the prevalence of CAD was higher (P=0.001) and fundoscopic findings of vascular diseases were significantly more prominent (P=0.0001) in PEX (+) patients. We demonstrated statistically significant difference in the prevalence of PEX in CAD patients, and also in the prevalence of CAD in PEX (+) individuals. These were striking differences. We should consider the possibility of the presence of PEX in CAD patients; and the predisposition of PEX (+) persons for CAD, which necessitates a fundus examination for findings of systemic vascular diseases.

/pdf/a-possible-link-between-the-pseudoexfoliation-syndrome-and-17oyxcy2fq.pdf

A possible link between the pseudoexfoliation syndrome and coronary artery disease

Purpose:To compare the symptoms, signs, and results of objective tests for keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and controls.Methods:Sixty-four patients with JRA and 64 age- and sex-matched controls were compared in terms of symptoms, signs, and resul

Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca in Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis

Three patients with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) showed spontaneous improvement in visual acuities after months of legal blindness. Two male patients with bilateral subacute visual loss were 14 years of age at presentation. The first male patient had a mitochondrial DNA mutation at nucleotide position 11778. The second male patient was found to be negative for the designated primary mutations (11778, 14484, 3460) and two of the secondary mutations (15257, 9804). The third patient was a 20-year-old female who presented with bilateral optic atrophy. She had been diagnosed as LHON and was found positive for the 3460 mutation when she was 15. These patients' pattern of visual recovery by developing small islands of normal vision within a central scotoma is characteristic in such rare cases of LHON.

Visual recovery patterns in children with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy.

Purpose: To compare patients with palsy of the 3rd, 4th or 6th cranial nerve due to diabetes mellitus (DM) with controls matched for age, sex and disease duration in terms of the pr

Retinopathy in patients with diabetic ophthalmoplegia.

Purpose: To investigate changes in corneal shape and anteriorsegment following retinal detachment surgery. Material and methods: 25 consecutive patients with retinal detachment were enrolled in thisstudy. Computer-assisted videokeratography was performed before andafter retinal detachment surgery and changes in the anterior segmentsof postoperative patients were also noted. Results: In the localbuckling group, statistically significant changes were observed in theanterior chamber depth, lens thickness, and vitreous length (distance fromposterior surface of lens to the retina) in the postoperative period. However,in the encircling group, statistically meaningful changes were observed inthe vitreous length, axial length of the globe, and the central corneal curvatureand thickness in the postoperative period. Conclusion: Corneal topographyand axial measurements may be useful for evaluating the shape of the corneaafter retinal detachment surgery. Because the resultant refractive changes arevery important for the visual rehabilitation of the patients.

Analysis of Changes in Corneal Shape and Bulbus Geometry after Retinal Detachment Surgery

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