Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) stimulation results in the assembly of Smad-containing protein complexes that mediate activation or repression of TGF-β responsive genes. To determine if disruption of specific Smad protein–protein interactions would selectively inhibit responses to TGF-β or generally interfere with Smad-dependent signaling, we developed three Smad-binding peptide aptamers by introducing Smad interaction motifs from Smad-binding proteins CBP, FoxH1 and Lef1 into the scaffold protein E. coli thioredoxin A (Trx). All three classes of aptamers bound to Smads by GST pulldown assays and co-immunoprecipitation from mammalian cells. Expression of the aptamers in HepG2 cells did not generally inhibit Smad-dependent signaling as evaluated using seven TGF-β responsive luciferase reporter genes. The Trx-xFoxH1b aptamer inhibited TGF-β-induced expression from a reporter dependent on the Smad–FoxH1 interaction, A3-lux, by 50%. Trx-xFoxH1b also partially inhibited two reporters not dependent on a Smad–FoxH1 interaction, 3TP-lux and Twntop, and endogenous PAI-1 expression. Trx-Lef1 aptamer only inhibited expression of the Smad–Lef1 responsive reporter gene TwnTop. The Trx-CBP aptamer had no significant effect on reporter gene expression. The results suggest that Smad-binding peptide aptamers can be developed to selectively inhibit TGF-β-induced gene expression.

Selective inhibition of TGF-beta responsive genes by Smad-interacting peptide aptamers from FoxH1, Lef1 and CBP

Due to its flexibility and efficiency in transmission of data, XML has become the emerging standard of data transfer and data exchange across the Internet. XML document must always be checked for well formedness before data transfer and exchange can take place. To choose the right parser for an organization respective system is crucial and critical; since improper parser will lead to degradation in performance and decrease in productivity. In this paper, we do an extensive comparative study and benchmarking on the popular XML parsers found in the market today. In addition, we also propose a non-validating SAX based XML parser, xParse. We implemented our technique and present the performance results, which prove the viability of our approach.

/pdf/a-comparative-study-and-benchmarking-on-xml-parsers-1nzxcmpe26.pdf

A Comparative Study and Benchmarking on XML Parsers

Apparatus and methods are provided for managing a student's educational curriculum. A degree dependency graph is created for a student corresponding to a degree sought after at a selected educational institution. The degree dependency graph may be created in accordance with degree requirements, graduation requirements, prerequisite requirements, and the like, provided by the catalog of a selected institution. In addition, a standardized nomenclature may be created using XML tags or other terminology, to identify like information from different educational institutions. The XML tags may be used by a curriculum management system to identify courses from multiple institutions to satisfy requirements of a selected degree program at a selected institution.

Student-centered, cross-institutional curriculum management system apparatus and method

The main goal of requirements specification is the transformation of a "rough draft" of stakeholder needs and expectations into a semiformal specification, represented by several diagrams, commonly UML diagrams. These diagrams must be consistent with each other, but consistency among different UML diagrams is not defined by the UML specification, and the research about inter-model consistency is still immature. We propose, in this paper, a rule-based system to detect consistency problems among UML diagrams. In order to complete this task, we have defined a set of rules in OCL, and then we use a novel approach for implementing the system by means of Xquery and Xpath languages. The use of these languages helps the rule-based system to interact with traditional CASE tools.

/pdf/a-rule-based-system-for-assessing-consistency-between-uml-e7co392vzc.pdf

A rule-based system for assessing consistency between UML models

We developed three different rule-based systems, each designed to take XML as input and produce XML as output and manipulate intermediate facts as XML. They use very different methods of representing the XML during rule processing. Our series of benchmarks show when each representation is best. We also developed an XML language for representing the rules. The markup to recognize an input XML is a sample of that input; certain fields are replaced with special tags to match variables against text or subtrees within the input XML. The output or intermediate XML is also represented by a sample of the output XML. We also report on a graphical user interface developed for developing the rules in this special XML language.

Rules about XML in XML

Legal contracts and litigation documents common to the American legal system were encoded in the eXtensible Markup Language (XML). XML also represents rules about the contracts and litigation procedure. In addition to an expert system tool that allows one to make inferences with that engine, a Graphical User Interface (GUI) generates the XML representing the rules. A rulebase is developed by marking up examples of the XML to be interpreted and the XML to be generated, analogously to Query By Example. This article provides a broader context of the synergy between XML and artificial intelligence by including discussions of: (1) the role of Artificial Intelligence in handling routine litigation; (2) how the use of XML enables legal expert systems to get their `input' without the user having to enter the same information again for the expert system;(3) the advantages of XML markup over other forms of markup for documents; (4) the relationship between XML and ontologies; (5) other projects using XML with rules or legal affairs.

Rule-based XML

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Go Eguchi

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Rules about XML in XML

Rule-based XML