Introduction The prevalence of electronic cigarette (EC) use has risen dramatically among adolescents and young adults (AYA, ages 12-26) over the past decade. Despite extensive established relationships between combustible cigarette use and mental health problems, the mental health comorbidities of EC use remain unclear. Aims and methods To provide a systematic review of existing literature on mental health comorbidities of EC use among AYA. Database searches using search terms related to EC, AYA, and mental health identified 1168 unique articles, 87 of which prompted full-text screening. Multiple authors extracted data, applied the Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment Tool to evaluate the evidence, and synthesized findings. Results Forty articles met eligibility criteria (n = 24 predominantly adolescent and 16 predominantly young adult). Analyses yielded three main categories of focus: internalizing disorders (including depression, anxiety, suicidality, eating disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder), externalizing disorders (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder), and transdiagnostic concepts (impulsivity and perceived stress). Significant methodological limitations were noted. Conclusions Youth EC use is associated with greater mental health problems (compared with nonuse) across several domains, particularly among adolescents. Because many existing studies are cross-sectional, directionality remains uncertain. Well-designed longitudinal studies to investigate long-term mental health sequelae of EC use remain needed. Implications Forty recent studies demonstrate a variety of mental health comorbidities with AYA EC use, particularly among adolescents. Mental health comorbidities of EC use generally parallel those of combustible cigarette use, with a few exceptions. Future EC prevention and treatment strategies may be enhanced by addressing mental health.

Systematic Review of Electronic Cigarette Use (Vaping) and Mental Health Comorbidity Among Adolescents and Young Adults.

Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) induce a pro-inflammatory condition by activating cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) in the lungs of mice, which raises a potential therapeutic use of CB1R antagonists in SC-induced lung disease resulting in hospitalisation https://bit.ly/31bWw4Q.

https://openres.ersjournals.com/content/erjor/6/3/00121-2020.full.pdf

Synthetic cannabinoids induce acute lung inflammation via cannabinoid receptor 1 activation.

New psychoactive substances (NPS) prevalence over LSD in blotter seized in State of Santa Catarina, Brazil: A six-year retrospective study.

Background and objectives Recent evidence has suggested that cannabis use precipitates cerebrovascular events. We investigated the relationship between cannabis use disorder (CUD) and hospitalization for epilepsy. Methods Nationwide inpatient sample (NIS) was analyzed from 2010 to 2014 for patients (age 15-54) with a primary diagnosis of epilepsy (N = 657 072) and comparison was made between patients with ICD-9 classification of CUD and without CUD. We utilized logistic regression to study the association (odds ratio [OR]) between CUD and epilepsy. Results The incidence of CUD in epilepsy patients was 5.77%, and patients with CUD had a threefold higher likelihood of emergency admissions. Patients with CUD were younger (25-34 years), male and African American. In regression analysis, adjusted for confounders, cannabis (OR, 1.56), tobacco (OR, 1.20), and alcohol (OR, 1.63) use disorders were found to be associated with higher odds of epilepsy hospitalization, but lower odds with cocaine (OR, 0.953), amphetamine (OR, 0.893), and opioid (OR, 0.828) use disorders. Conclusions and scientific significance With the increasing prevalence of medical marijuana legalization, there is increased use of medicinal marijuana. Studies of cannabidiol and marijuana for epilepsy have been highly publicized, leading to its off-label use for treatment. There is limited evidence to suggest that the cannabinoids may also induce a seizure. This study found that CUD is independently associated with a 56% increased likelihood of epilepsy hospitalization and this association persists even after adjusting for other substance use disorders and confounders. (Am J Addict 2019;28:353-360).

Cannabis Use Disorder and Epilepsy: A Cross-National Analysis of 657 072 Hospitalized Patients.

Catatonia is a psychomotor condition characterized by physical presentations ranging from severe immobility to excessive psychomotor agitation with an array of accompanying emotional aspects. Though initially thought to be a subform of schizophrenia, it is now recognized to be associated with many different psychiatric, neurological, and medical diagnoses. The emergence of catatonia is becoming more prevalent with its changing pattern and extensive use of recreational and illegal drugs. With the legalization of marijuana, its use is on the rise leading to several mental health conditions, including catatonia. If left untreated, catatonia has a significant morbidity and mortality rate; hence, prompt evaluation and diagnosis are critical for the prevention of adverse events. Benzodiazepines (BZDs) and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) have been found to be most effective and remained as the preferred treatment options. In this paper, we present the case of two patients who presented with catatonia after cannabis consumption and discuss their treatment course and management.

/pdf/cannabis-induced-catatonia-a-case-series-425n4k3m56.pdf

Cannabis-Induced Catatonia: A Case Series.

Objective Many forms of synthetic marijuana are available in the United States for recreational use. Although the composition of these synthetic forms is unclear, consumption has been on the rise among adolescents. The objective of this study is to understand the usage rates and identify the reasons and risk factors for synthetic cannabinoid use. Methods We recruited 637 adolescents (aged 13 to 17 years) admitted to the Children's Recovery Center, Norman, Oklahoma, from August 11, 2014, to March 30, 2016, for the study. Descriptive statistics and Pearson χ² test were used to analyze the data. Logistic regression and adjusted odds ratio (OR) were performed to determine the risk factors for synthetic marijuana use. Results The mean age of synthetic cannabinoid users was 16 years. Increased prevalence of synthetic marijuana use was observed in 16- to 17-year-old adolescent males, in the white population, and in individuals living in urban areas. Synthetic marijuana was preferred by subjects over the regular form, as it is less expensive, produces a better high, is undetectable on drug tests, and is perceived as legal. Male sex (OR = 2.63, P < .0001), aged 16 to 17 years (OR = 1.99, P < .0001), and residing in an urban locality (OR = 1.57, P = .05) were identified as risk factors for consuming synthetic marijuana. Adolescents who use synthetic marijuana are more at risk of having substance use disorder (OR = 11.87, P < .0001) than those who do not. Conclusions Synthetic marijuana use is increasing in the adolescent age group and could potentially have a negative impact on the health of teenagers. Hence, enforcing strict laws against synthetic marijuana use and promoting awareness programs targeting adolescents would be beneficial.​.

Rates of Synthetic Cannabinoid Use in Adolescents Admitted to a Treatment Facility.

Objective: The use of vaporizers for nicotine and other illicit substances is increasing among adolescents. Our study aims to identify the risk factors for vaping illicit drugs in adolescents. Methods: Cross-sectional data were collected from 692 patients, aged 13 to 17, admitted to the Children's Recovery Center, Norman, Oklahoma, between August 11, 2014 and March 30, 2016. Descriptive statistics were computed to evaluate the study population and identify the rate of nicotine and other substance abuse in the adolescents. Logistic regression and adjusted odds ratio were performed to identify the risk factors for vaping illicit drugs. Results: Of 692 adolescents, 70.6% (n=489) reported using nicotine at least once in their lifetime. Among them, 56.4% (n=276) were daily tobacco users and 82.4% (n=403) described smoking by means of a vaporizer/electronic cigarette (e-cigarette). Among the study population, 67.4% (n=467) stated using illicit substances at least once, out of which, 18.4% (n=86) reported consuming illicit drugs through a vaporizer/e-cigarette. Male sex, history of nicotine use with a vaporizer/e-cigarette, and previous drug abuse are evidenced as risk factors for vaping illicit substances in adolescents (P<0.05). Conclusions: Our study results indicate that nicotine use by means of a vaporizer/e-cigarette, history of illicit drug abuse increase the likelihood of vaping illicit substances among adolescents. With increasing popularity in battery-powered smoking devices, it is necessary to understand the potential dangers and consequences that might occur with vaping illegal drugs.

Risk Factors for Illicit Substance Vaporizer Use in Adolescents

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Rates of Synthetic Cannabinoid Use in Adolescents Admitted to a Treatment Facility.

Risk Factors for Illicit Substance Vaporizer Use in Adolescents