Tumors of the soft tissues

Diastasis of the rectus abdominis muscles (DRAM) is characterised by thinning and widening of the linea alba, combined with laxity of the ventral abdominal musculature. This causes the midline to “bulge” when intra-abdominal pressure is increased. Plastic surgery treatment for DRAM has been thoroughly evaluated, though general surgical treatments and the efficacy of physiotherapy remain elusive. The aim of this systematic literature review is to evaluate both general surgical and physiotherapeutic treatment options for restoring DRAM in terms of postoperative complications, patient satisfaction, and recurrence rates. MEDLINE®, Embase, PubMed, PubMed Central®, The cochrane central registry of controlled trials (CENTRAL), Google Scholar, and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) were searched using the following terms: ‘rectus diastasis’, ‘diastasis recti’, ‘midline’, and ‘abdominal wall’. All clinical studies concerning general surgical or physiotherapeutic treatment of DRAM were eligible for inclusion. Twenty articles describing 1.691 patients (1.591 surgery/100 physiotherapy) were included. Surgical interventions were classified as plication techniques (313 patients; 254 open/59 laparoscopic), modified hernia repair techniques (68 patients, all open), and combined hernia & DRAM techniques (1.210 patients; 1.149 open/40 hybrid). The overall methodological quality was low. Plication techniques with interrupted sutures and mesh reinforcement were applied most frequently for DRAM repair. Open repairs were performed in 85% of patients. There was no difference in postoperative complications or recurrence rate after laparoscopic or open procedures, or between plication and modified hernia repair techniques. Physiotherapy programmes were unable to reduce IRD in a relaxed state. Though reduction of IRD during muscle contraction was described. Both plication-based methods and hernia repair methods are used for DRAM repair. Based on the current literature, no clear distinction in recurrence rate, postoperative complications, or patient reported outcomes can be made. Complete resolution of DRAM, measured in a relaxed state, following a physiotherapy training programme is not described in current literature. Physiotherapy can achieve a limited reduction in IRD during muscle contraction, though the impact of this finding on patient satisfaction, cosmesis, or function outcome is unclear.

/pdf/the-general-surgeon-s-perspective-of-rectus-diastasis-a-2ohw0ufvdh.pdf

The general surgeon’s perspective of rectus diastasis. A systematic review of treatment options

Building a better understanding of the intracellular tyrosine kinase PTK6 - BRK by BRK.

Background The definition, classification and management of rectus diastasis (RD) are controversial in the literature and a variety of different surgical treatments have been described. This article reports on the European Hernia Society (EHS) Clinical Practice Guideline for RD. Method The Guideline group consisted of eight surgeons. The Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach and the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) instrument were used. A systematic literature search was done in November 2018 and updated in November 2019 and October 2020. Nine Key Questions (KQs) were formulated. Results Literature reporting on the definition, classification, symptoms, outcomes and treatments was limited in quality, leading to weak recommendations for the majority of the KQs. The main recommendation is to define RD as a separation between rectus muscles wider than 2 cm. A new classification system is suggested based on the width of muscle separation, postpregnancy status and whether or not there is a concomitant hernia. Impaired body image and core instability appear to be the most relevant symptoms. Physiotherapy may be considered before surgical management. It is suggested to use linea alba plication in patients without concomitant hernia and a mesh-based repair of RD with concomitant midline hernias. Conclusion RD should be defined as a separation of rectus muscles wider than 2 cm and a new classification system is suggested. Full guidelines to accompany this executive summary are available online.

European Hernia Society guidelines on management of rectus diastasis.

This study was conducted to evaluate retrospectively 203 patients diagnosed with hydatid cyst disease and treated surgically at two university medical centers between 1999 and 2009 in Tehran, the capital of Iran. Cystic echinococcosis (CE) affected more females 117 (57.6%) than males 86 (42.4%). A remarkable gender difference skewed towards females was observed, and the male/female ratio among CE cases ≤20 and ≥61 years old was 1.18 and 0.52, respectively. The age of the patients ranged from 8 to 82 years, and the age group 21-40 years (42.8%) was the most affected. A significantly higher number of hydatid cysts were recorded in the liver than in other sites (P 40 years of age (liver/lung ratio ≥43) than in those <40 years of age (liver/lung ratio 2.8-7.6). Unusual cyst locations in kidneys, brain and pelvic area, followed by spleen and spine was also observed. Single organ involvement was found in 95% of the patients, and was more common in females (55.2%) than in males (39.9%). Housewives had the highest rate of infection (53.5%) followed by labourers with 14.8%, which showed a significant difference (P<0.001). Similarly, urban dwellers was also over-represented among the cases (87% urban vs. 13% rural; P<0.001). In 69.5% of cases there was only one cyst, 16.3% had two cysts, 4.7% with three cysts, and 9.5% had four cysts or more. The results showed that further studies are needed to determine the prevalence, economic impact and risk factors of the disease in the area.

Human hydatidosis in Tehran, Iran: a retrospective epidemiological study of surgical cases between 1999 and 2009 at two university medical centers.

Background:  The rare localizations of hydatidosis represent an interesting topic, especially with reference to epidemiological and diagnostic problems. Hydatid disease, common in Mediterranean countries, still remains endemic in some regions of Italy.



Methods:  In the period April 1983−October 2003 73 patients with hydatid disease were observed.



Results:  Seven patients (9.5%) presented a primary rare localization (thyroid, kidney, sacrospinal muscle, peritoneum and spleen). The main peculiarity of primary rare hydatidosis localizations concerns diffusion of the infecting embryo; the most reliable hypothesis is that liver and lung can be bypassed through precapillary anastomosis between pre- and post-parenchymal circulation. The new imaging techniques allow a correct topographic evaluation and so a radical surgical treatment. The chemotherapy, complementary to surgery, produced degenerative modifications of parasite in 75.8% of the present cases and reduction of recurrence from 23.3% to 6.7%. At follow up of 1−5 years no patients had recurrence.



Conclusion:  It is important to be aware, especially in countries where echinococcosis is endemic, that it is possible to find an echinococcosis cyst in a rare localization.

Rare localizations of echinococcosis: personal experience.

Gallstone ileus of the colon: a rare surgical emergency.

Background: A key issue in abdominal US is the assessment of fluid, which is usually anechoic, thus appearing “black”. Our approach focuses on searching for fluid in non-traumatic patients, providing a new, simplified method for point-of-care US (POCUS). Objective: Fluid assessment is based on a three-step analysis that we can thus summarize. 1. Look for black where it should not be. This means searching for effusions or collections. 2. Check if black is too much. This means evaluating anatomical landmarks where fluid should normally be present but may be abnormally abundant. 3. Look for black that is not clearly black. This means evaluating fluid aspects, whether wholly anechoic or not (suggesting heterogeneous or corpusculated fluid). Discussion: Using this simple method focused on US fluid presence and appearance should help clinicians to make a timely diagnosis. Although our simplified, systematic algorithm of POCUS may identify abnormalities; this usually entails a second-level imaging. An accurate knowledge of the physio–pathological and anatomical ultrasound bases remains essential in applying this algorithm. Conclusion: The black pattern approach in non -traumatic emergencies may be applied to a broad spectrum of abnormalities. It may represent a valuable aid for emergency physicians, especially if inexperienced, involved in a variety of non-traumatic scenarios. It may also be a simple and effective teaching aid for US beginners.

/pdf/the-black-pattern-a-simplified-ultrasound-approach-to-non-2l8hfjhn.pdf

The “Black Pattern”, a Simplified Ultrasound Approach to Non-Traumatic Abdominal Emergencies

Trattamento degli eventi perforativi post-colangio­pancreatografia retrograda con sfinterotomia endoscopica. Esperienza personale.
L.G. Angio, G. Sfuncia, P. Viggiani, G. Faro, A. Bonsignore, M. Licursi, M. Soliera, M. Galati, A. Putorti
Introduzione. La colangiopancreatografia retrograda endoscopica (CPRE) ha apportato reali progressi nella gestione delle patologie bilio-pancreatiche, in virtu della sua ambivalenza diagnostica e terapeutica. Le sue complicanze perforative insorgono in meno dell’1% dei pazienti, ma sono associate a una mortalita del 16%-18%.
Casistica personale. Caso 1- F, 89 anni con ittero ostruttivo da calcolosi della via biliare principale (VBP) sottoposta a CPRE con sfinterotomia endoscopica (SE), nel corso della quale si verifica lesione tipo II per cui, vista la parziale bonifica della VBP ottenuta, si opta per un trattamento conservativo, con risoluzione in XII giornata post-CPRE.
Caso 2- F, 53 anni con colangiti recidivanti e stenosi post-colecistectomia della VBP gia trattata mediante stenting; per il verificarsi di lesione tipo I in corso di CPRE, si sottopone la paziente a intervento chirurgico in urgenza/emergenza con guarigione in XXIII giornata.
Caso 3- M, 84 anni con colecistite litiasica, ittero ostruttivo, enfisema polmonare e cardiopatia ischemica; eseguita colecistostomia percutanea in urgenza, si procede successivamente a tentativo di CPRE con evidenza di lesione tipo I e, a causa delle comorbilita, si opta per un trattamento conservativo, non risolutivo, per poi procedere all’intervento chirurgico con exitus per complicanze cardio-respiratorie.
Caso 4- M, 89 anni con ittero ostruttivo di ndd; interrotta la CPRE per complicanze respiratorie, si procede a colangiografia transeptica per cutanea (CTP) nel corso della quale si evidenzia una lesione tipo IV, che e trattata conservativamente con dimissione in XII giornata.
Caso 5- F, 68 anni con colecistite litiasica e coledocolitiasi; in corso di CPRE con SE si verifica lesione tipo II con segni ingravescenti di addome acuto e, in considerazione del quadro clinico e dell’impossibilita di effettuare bonifica endoscopica della VBP, si dispone l’intervento chirurgico in urgenza/emergenza con exitus per complicanze respiratorie. Discussione. Nella diatriba esistente su quale debba essere il trattamento degli eventi perforativi post-CPRE con SE (intervento chirurgico immediato ovvero terapia conservativa), non possiamo non auspicare un atteggiamento eclettico sulla base delle peculiarita anatomo-cliniche del singolo caso.

Management of perforations as adverse events of ERCP plus ES. Personal experience

The first part of this article deals with the report of a patient suffering from pyoderma gangrenosum of the "sinus mammarum" associated with asymptomatic ulcerative colitis. This is followed by a revision of the present epidemiological, etiological, pathogenetic and clinical knowledges about this systemic manifestation of chronic phlogosis of the colon. The Authors have analysed the treatment for this condition and emphasized the resistance of the cutaneous ulcer encountered to conventional medical therapy of the underlying colonic disease which proved to be efficacious only on the latter; this led to integrate traditional treatment with the use of perilesional injections of small doses of calcic heparin as an alternative to immunosuppressive drugs or surgery. Topical antithrombotic treatment, which can be justified by the histological findings of phenomena of the vasculitis in the edge of pyoderma gangrenosum, demonstrated to be crucial and represents a peculiarity in the case here reported, which is unique in the literature as far as the Authors know, since it has not been experimented by anyone else.

/pdf/pyoderma-gangrenosum-of-the-sinus-mammarum-in-ulcerative-5am4b8ftgs.pdf

Pyoderma gangrenosum of the "sinus mammarum" in ulcerative colitis.

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