https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00767386/document

Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne) management in vegetable crop production: the challenge of an agronomic system analysis

Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) pose a serious threat to quantitative and qualitative production of many economic crops worldwide. An average worldwide crop loss of 12.6% (equaled $215.77 billion) annually has been estimated due to these nematodes for only the top 20 life-sustaining crops. Due to the growing dissatisfaction with hazards of chemical nematicides, interest in microbial control of PPNs is increasing and biological nematicides are becoming an important component of environmentally friendly management systems. Fungal and bacterial nematicides rank high among other biocontrol agents. In order to maximize their benefits, such bio-nematicides can be included in integrated nematode management (INM) programs, and ways that make them complimentary or superior to chemical nematode management methods were highlighted. This is especially important where bio-nematicides can act synergistically or additively with other agricultural inputs in integrated pest management programs. Consolidated use of bio-nematicides and other pesticides should be practiced on a wider basis. This is especially important, since there are many bio-nematicides which are or are likely to become widely available soon. Identification of research priorities for harnessing fungal and bacterial nematicides in sustainable agriculture as well as understanding of their ecology, biology, mode of action, and interaction with other agricultural inputs is still needed. Therefore, accessible fungal and bacterial nematicides with their comprehensive references and relevant information, i.e., the active ingredient, product name, type of formulation, producer, targeted nematode species and crop, and country of origin, are summarized herein.

/pdf/fungal-and-bacterial-nematicides-in-integrated-nematode-54hodlq7oc.pdf

Fungal and bacterial nematicides in integrated nematode management strategies

Root-knot nematodes are microscopic round worms, which cause severe agricultural losses. Their attacks affect the productivity by reducing the amount and the caliber of the fruits. Chemical control is widely used, but biological control appears to be a better solution, mainly using microorganisms to reduce the quantity of pests infecting crops. Biological control is developing gradually, and with time, more products are being marketed worldwide. They can be formulated with bacteria, viruses or with filamentous fungi, which can destroy and feed on phytoparasitic nematodes. To be used by the farmers, biopesticides must be legalized by the states, which has led to the establishment of a legal framework for their use, devised by various governmental organizations.

/pdf/commercial-biological-control-agents-targeted-against-plant-2xub2rhrqk.pdf

Commercial Biological Control Agents Targeted Against Plant-Parasitic Root-knot Nematodes

Biochar (BC) is known to enhance plant growth and may activate plant resistance to various soil borne pathogens. In this experiment, the rice husk (RH) BC was combined with biocontrol agents (BCAs), Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma harzianum against Meloidogyne incognita in tomato and the efficacy of BC and BCAs in boosting overall plant biomass assessed side by side. BCAs along with 3% RH BC were applied to potting soil, tomato plants were transplanted, and then the soil was inoculated with second stage juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita. Bacillus subtilis +3% RH BC improved overall plant growth and reduced M. incognita damage. To unravel the resistance at the molecular level, root samples were taken 6‑ and 12-days post inoculation (dpi) to measure the expression of two resistance genes, PR-1b and JERF3, with the help of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The expression of PR-1b was upregulated 6 dpi for only BCAs while JERF3 remained unchanged except in only Bacillus subtilis treated plants. Similarly, the expression of both genes was found to be upregulated in some combined treatments at 12 dpi. The results suggested that the 3% BC application with BCAs effectively manages root-knot nematode, enhances overall plant biomass, and triggers defense related genes in tomato plants.

Combined Application of Biochar and Biocontrol Agents Enhances Plant Growth and Activates Resistance Against Meloidogyne incognita in Tomato

http://manuscript.elsevier.com/S0165247822000797/pdf/S0165247822000797.pdf

Pathogen infection routes and host innate immunity: Lessons from insects.

Investigations were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of two nematophagous fungi, Arthrobotrys oligospora and Paecilomyces lilacinus against root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) infecting okra. A. oligospora alone and in combination with P. lilacinus suppressed root galling and nematode population to a significant level, thereby improving plant growth parameters. P. lilacinus, alone failed to reduce root galling. There were no significant difference in time of applications.

Management of Meloidogyne incognita attacking okra by nematophagous fungi, Arthrobotrys oligospora and Paecilomyces lilacinus

Screening of rice germplasm/varieties for resistance against root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne graminicola)

Rice is one of the important staple crop in the world. Rice pests cause yield reduction as well as value of the crop. A number of insect pests that attack rice plants account for yield losses. In the rice agro ecosystems, many types of entomopathogens such as nematodes, fungi, bacteria, and viruses can reduce pest population. More emphasis should be placed on using an IPM approach where biological control with entomopathogens is also one of the main components. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) as a safe alternative to the use of insecticides against insect pests in IPM of rice.

/pdf/entomopathogenic-nematodes-against-insect-pests-of-rice-30zsdpen4f.pdf

Entomopathogenic Nematodes against Insect Pests of Rice

Entomopathogenic nematode, Oscheius rugaoensis were formulated in six different formulations such as talc, sawdust, alginate gel, water dispersible granule, compost: charcoal powder mixture and water. All formulations tested in vitro at two temperatures (5 C and 30 C) to evaluate their storage and infectivity against wax moth, Galleria mellonella. Sawdust and Alginate gel formulations were enhanced highest survival of infective juveniles of Oscheius rugaoensis than the other formulations. Per cent survival of Oscheius rugaoensis infective juveniles (IJs) was 98.30% in sawdust and 97.30% in alginate gel up to 6 week of storage at 5 C, whereas per cent survival was less (95.50% and 93.76 % respectively) at 30 C up to 6 week of storage. Larval mortality of G. mellonella by Oscheius rugaoensis was 47.66%, 67.33%, and 81.66% at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h respectively at 5 C whereas larval mortality was 43.66%, 64.66% and 78.00% at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h respectively at 30 C.

https://www.entomoljournal.com/archives/2019/vol7issue3/PartE/7-2-270-166.pdf

Survival and infectivity of entomopathogenic nematode Oscheius rugaoensis in different formulations against wax moth, Galleria mellonella

Community analysis of plant-parasitic nematodes in pineapple ecosystem in Meghalaya

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