Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a process of biochemical decomposition by anaerobic bacteria. Organic solid waste, subjected to anaerobic digestion, produces organic fertilizer and biogas, composed of methane, carbon dioxide, and other gases. The AM2 model describes the AD system and is the most widely used model for dynamic behavior analysis and control of AD processes. One of the most critical variables for system analysis is the concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA). The behavior of the concentration of VFA depends on the dilution rate. This, in turn, depends on the performance parameters of producing and consuming VFA (k2 and k3). This paper presents a deterministic method to calculate the k2 and k3 parameters, from the dilution rate dynamics and Olson method for indirect validation of the parameters based on the direct validation of the concentration of VFA. Model results for VFA concentration showed an error of <0.4%. An error of <1.98% was found between the theoretical model and the experimental data. Overall, a global error of <2.37% gives a reliability to the proposed method to determine k2 and k3. 

Method to obtain parameters
 
 k
 2
 
 ,
 
 k
 3
 
 for dilution rate observer in AM2 model of the anaerobic digestion process in a batch reactor

The growing amount of waste worldwide requires new solutions for its management. Agricultural by-products account for almost 10% of the waste generated. One of them is sheep wool, a natural fibre with beneficial physicochemical properties. Currently, sheep wool production amounts to approximately 1–2 million tonnes per year, of which 60% is used in the manufacture of clothing. Nevertheless, it poses a considerable challenge in terms of disposal due to its keratin-rich composition and slow biodegradability. This review analyses the chemical and physical properties of sheep wool and assesses its potential as biomass based on its carbon content and other elemental components. This allows us to provide a critical comparative analysis of the main technological pathways for the use of waste sheep wool as biomass, including anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis, direct combustion and gasification. The review highlights both the opportunities and limitations of these processes, comparing sheep wool in terms of energy potential and carbon footprint with other biomass. The review shows that the calorific value of sheep wool (19.5 MJ/kg) is competitive with traditional plant-based biofuels and the use of waste sheep wool as biomass source can contribute to reduction in CO2 emissions of 2.1 million tonnes per year. The use of sheep wool as biomass can not only contribute to waste reduction but also supports the goals of sustainable agriculture and climate neutrality. The selected methods may offer a new and effective way of reducing waste and allow all sheep wool produced to be introduced into the circular economy. 

Sheep Wool as Biomass: Identifying the Material and Its Reclassification from Waste to Resource

Twenty-three fungal strains were isolated from solid waste generated in the processing of alpaca and sheep wool from the company Inca Tops S. A. in Arequipa-Peru, as well as from cow rumen. Quantitative analyzes were carried out resulting in the selection of 5 microbial strains: Aspergillus sp., Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus sp., Fusarium oxysporum, and Fusarium sp. An experimental dry anaerobic digestion (DAD) reactor with 20L capacity was built, the configuration of which was made taking into account a one-stage batch system with feed recirculation and biomass ratio of 2:1 working at room temperature. Evaluation of the dry anaerobic digester was performed comparing the initial and final biomass after 60 days operation time, resulting in a decrease in the percentage of total solids from 37.91% to 28.82%, volatile solids percentage from 19.64% to 15.71%, chemical oxygen demand from 2 080.19 mg/Kg to 1414.63mg/Kg, and pH from 7.35 to 7.15.

Construction and evaluation of a dry anaerobic digestion reactor for the degradation of solid waste from the textile industry with the use of fungal keratinolytic strains

The aim of the current research was the isolation, characterization and identification of native microbial strains from waste generated in the processing of sheep wool and alpaca fiber, for the production of biogas inside a dry anaerobic digestion (DAD) reactor in order to degrade solid waste coming from the textile industry.In total 52 bacterial strains and 15 fungal strains were isolated in anaerobic conditions from samples taken from solid waste produced in the processing of alpaca fiber and sheep wool by the Inca Tops textile company.Both the biogas composition and production were evaluated in 3 DAD reactors with different inocula: bacteria, fungi and microbial consortia; with the consortium inoculated reactor having the best production rate and best biogas attributes obtaining 33.38 %, 6 %, 1.44 % and 0.89 ppm methane, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and hydrogen sulfide respectively

Production of biogas in a dry anaerobic digestion reactor of residues generated in the processing of sheep and alpaca wool

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Construction and evaluation of a dry anaerobic digestion reactor for the degradation of solid waste from the textile industry with the use of fungal keratinolytic strains

Production of biogas in a dry anaerobic digestion reactor of residues generated in the processing of sheep and alpaca wool