2-Octyl cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive is increasingly being used for closure of traumatic lacerations. Data regarding the strength of incisions closed with 2-octyl cyanoacrylate are limited. We compared the strength of disruption of closure with glue with that of more conventional methods of wound closure. Segments of fresh porcine skin measuring 3.5 x 10 cm were approximated by one of four methods: 1) 2-octyl cyanoacrylate glue, 2) surgical staples, 3) 0.5 inch Steri-Strips, and 4) interrupted 4-0 poliglecaprone 25 sutures in a subcuticular fashion. Fifteen specimens were used to test each type of closure. The strength of closure was tested on an Instron 4502 tensionometer. The peak force required for disruption of the closure was recorded and the strength of the closure was compared. Staples provided the strongest closure. Skin glue proved superior to Steri-Strips but inferior to stapled closure. The difference between skin glue and suture closure was not statistically significant (P = 0.12). Patterns of failure differed between the groups. Skin glue failed because of disruption of the skin-glue interface. 2-Octyl cyanoacrylate glue provides a wound closure that is similar to closure with an interrupted subcuticular absorbable suture. This study validates the clinical use of skin glue for closure of surgical incisions. The technique should be used with caution in areas of the body that are subject to tension.

Tensile strength of wound closure with cyanoacrylate glue.

Authors' conclusions The body of the reviewed literature on cryptorchidism comprise primarily fairand poor-quality studies, which limits our ability to draw definitive conclusions. No specific imaging technique is able to completely identify anorchia or position of the undescended testicles and thus eliminate the need for further surgical evaluation. Accuracy of imaging is related to location of the testicles, with less invasive methods demonstrating poor accuracy for abdominally located testicles and those that are atrophied. Hormonal stimulation testing may predict anorchia, but evidence is insufficient, with only two studies of fewer than 50 participants. Hormonal treatment is marginally effective relative to placebo, but it is successful in some children and has minimal side effects, suggesting that it may be an appropriate trial of care for some patients. Surgical options are effective, with high rates of testicular descent (moderate strength of evidence for Fowler-Stephens procedures, high for primary orchiopexy). Comparable outcomes occur with laparoscopic and open approaches.

Evaluation and Treatment of Cryptorchidism

Four wound closure techniques for total knee arthroplasty were compared in a prospective, randomized, controlled, institutional review board-approved study with 75 subjects. The study compared tissue adhesives, stapling, and suturing with respect to procedure time and cost, together with functional and clinical outcome. Total knee arthroplasty closure time (capsule to cutaneous) favored staples at 26 s/cm, followed by adhesives (45 and 37 s/cm for 2-octyl and n-butyl-2, respectively) and, finally, subcuticular suturing at 54 s/cm (P < .0007). Reduced procedure time translated into intraoperative cost reduction where closure cost per centimeter was $70, $62, $57, and $75 for 2-octyl, n-butyl-2, staples, and sutures, respectively. No significant differences in infection, dehiscence, cosmesis, general health (SF-12v2 (QualityMetric Inc., Lincoln, RI)), and functional and clinical assessments (range of motion, Knee Society knee score, and pain) were observed.

A Comparison of Wound Closure Techniques for Total Knee Arthroplasty

The Lichtenstein hernioplasty has become a popular method in inguinal hernia repair. This study compared two methods of mesh fixation and wound closure. Forty-six men with unilateral inguinal hernia were randomized into two groups. In the control group polypropylene mesh was anchored with 3/0 Dexon sutures, fascia and skin were closed with sutures 3/0 Dexon and 3/0 Monosof. In the study group, the mesh was secured with butyl-2-cyanoacrylate adhesive and the fascia and skin were also glued with the adhesive. The costs of materials, duration of the operation, amount of postoperative analgesic doses, pain score after the first and the 7th postoperative day and return to daily activity were recorded. No recurrences during the mean follow-up of 4.7 months were observed and the cosmetic effect was very good. In the study group with tissue adhesive the patients had significantly lower pain score after the first postoperative day and had a tendency to require less analgetic doses and to return earlier to their daily activity. Duration of the operation was similar in both groups. The cost of sutures and tissue adhesive used in both procedures was comparable. The use of tissue adhesive in mesh fixation and wound closure seems to be a promising technique in Lichtenstein hernia repair.

Lichtenstein inguinal hernioplasty using butyl-2-cyanoacrylate versus sutures. Preliminary experience of a prospective randomized trial.

Poly(n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate) (PBCA) nanoparticles have been successfully applied to deliver small-molecule drugs to the central nervous system (CNS). However, it is unclear whether PBCA nanoparticles can be used as the delivery system for large molecules to potentially treat traumatic brain injury (TBI). In this study, we tested the capacity of PBCA nanoparticles in passing through the blood?brain barrier (BBB) and transporting large molecules into normal and injured brains in the rat. We first synthesized PBCA nanoparticles by dispersion polymerization and then loaded the particles with either horseradish peroxidase (HRP, 44?kDa) or enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP, 29?kDa), which were further coated with polysorbate 80. Next, the polysorbate 80-coated HRP or EGFP-loaded PBCA nanoparticles were intravenously injected into the normal and brain-injured rats. We found that, at 45?min after injection, PBCA nanoparticle-delivered HRP or EGFP was hardly detected in the normal brains of the rats, but a small amount of EGFP carried by PBCA nanoparticles was noted in the normal brains 48?h after administration, which was further confirmed by immunolocalization with anti-EGFP antibodies. In contrast, at 4?h after TBI with a circulation time of 45?min, although the penetration of HRP or EGFP alone was hampered by the BBB, the PBCA nanoparticle-delivered HRP or EGFP was widely distributed near injured sites. Together, our findings provide histological evidence that PBCA nanoparticles can be used as an efficient delivery system for large molecules to overcome the barrier in the brain with TBI.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-4484/23/16/165101/pdf

Delivery of large molecules via poly(butyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles into the injured rat brain

Background: Histoacryl Blue ( N -Butyl-2-cyanoacrylate) is a tissue adhesive that has been used clinically for more than 20 years. In the last decade, N -Butyl-2-cyanoacrylate has been used for cutaneous closure of low-tension lacerations in children and adults and has become a preferred method for closure of pediatric facial lacerations in many emergency rooms outside the United States. Many pediatric elective surgical procedures are performed in tension-free areas and may be suitable for closure with a tissue adhesive. In order to assess this approach, a retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the cosmetic outcomes and complications of the application of N -Butyl-2-cyanoacrylate for the approximation of elective surgical incisions in a pediatric population. Study Design: Records of 1,098 patients, ages 1 month to 16 years, who, between January 1995 and December 1996, underwent one of the following: orchidopexy, inguinal hernia, umbilical hernia, or hydrocele repair were analyzed. In all patients, N -Butyl-2-cyanoacrylate was applied to close the surgical incision. A 12-item questionnaire was created to assess the presence of complications and to determine shortterm and longterm cosmetic outcomes of the incision. Data were collected by conducting telephone interviews of family members. Results: Among the 1,033 children who were treated, 66% had inguinal hernias, 15% hydroceles, 15% undescended testis, and 4% umbilical hernias. Redness or tenderness at the incision site (5.5%), discharge from the surgical wound (1.9%), and wound dehiscence (1.1%) were the main immediate complications after surgery. Overall satisfaction with the cosmetic outcomes of the surgical scar was high, with an average score of 4.73 out of 5 (94.6%). Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that administration of N -Butyl-2-cyanoacrylate for the closure of small low-tension surgical incisions in the pediatric population is safe, has a low complication rate, and produces excellent cosmetic outcomes.

Use of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate in elective surgical incisions--longterm outcomes.

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Use of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate in elective surgical incisions--longterm outcomes.

Using an OSCE to assess primary care physicians' competence in breaking bad news.