Synthetic dyes, exceeding 100,000 types on the market and produced at a global scale of over 700,000 tons annually, are extensively used in the textile industry. This industry, a leading contributor to water contamination, relies on dyes like reactive, azo, anthraquinone, and triphenylmethane, resulting in substantial water usage and significant effluent generation. A significant modern challenge is the pollution caused by dye-mixed wastewater, releasing hazardous chemicals into water bodies and posing threats to ecosystems, plants, and human health. Traditionally, physicochemical techniques have addressed textile dye-containing wastewater, but their drawbacks, including cost, inefficiency, and potential secondary pollution, have steered attention towards biological alternatives. Utilizing microorganisms and enzymes, these biological methods, such as microbial cell enzyme immobilization, the biofilm technique, bioreactors, biofuel/bioelectricity production, and genetic engineering, have emerged as promising, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly solutions for efficient dye removal from wastewater. This review paper specifically highlights advanced biological techniques and emphasizes their efficacy in addressing the challenges posed by synthetic textile dyes. Through a systematic review of recent research papers, published results, and observations, this review paper provides insights into emerging biological treatment strategies for effectively removing synthetic textile dyes and contaminants from wastewater.

Sustainable Solutions: Reviewing the Future of Textile Dye Contaminant Removal with Emerging Biological Treatments

Efficiently mitigating and managing environmental pollution caused by the improper disposal of dyes and effluents from the textile industry is of great importance. This study evaluated the effectiveness of Streptomyces albidoflavus 3MGH in decolorizing and degrading three different azo dyes, namely Reactive Orange 122 (RO 122), Direct Blue 15 (DB 15), and Direct Black 38 (DB 38). Various analytical techniques, such as Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to analyze the degraded byproducts of the dyes. S. albidoflavus 3MGH demonstrated a strong capability to decolorize RO 122, DB 15, and DB 38, achieving up to 60.74%, 61.38%, and 53.43% decolorization within 5 days at a concentration of 0.3 g/L, respectively. The optimal conditions for the maximum decolorization of these azo dyes were found to be a temperature of 35 °C, a pH of 6, sucrose as a carbon source, and beef extract as a nitrogen source. Additionally, after optimization of the decolorization process, treatment with S. albidoflavus 3MGH resulted in significant reductions of 94.4%, 86.3%, and 68.2% in the total organic carbon of RO 122, DB 15, and DB 38, respectively. After the treatment process, we found the specific activity of the laccase enzyme, one of the mediating enzymes of the degradation mechanism, to be 5.96 U/mg. FT-IR spectroscopy analysis of the degraded metabolites showed specific changes and shifts in peaks compared to the control samples. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of metabolites such as benzene, biphenyl, and naphthalene derivatives. Overall, this study demonstrated the potential of S. albidoflavus 3MGH for the effective decolorization and degradation of different azo dyes. The findings were validated through various analytical techniques, shedding light on the biodegradation mechanism employed by this strain. 

pdf/exploring-the-decolorization-efficiency-and-biodegradation-1jmub79foj.pdf

Exploring the decolorization efficiency and biodegradation mechanisms of different functional textile azo dyes by Streptomyces albidoflavus 3MGH

The aim of current study was to test the ability and optimize the decolorization of textile azo Reactive Orange 122 by Streptomyces sp (A5) isolated from dye contaminated soil. The decolorization ability of the isolate Streptomyces sp (A5) was assessed by spectrophotometer at 3, 5 and 7 days in starch nitrate broth media amended with 0.35 g/L of the Reactive Orange 122 azo dye. Different incubation conditions like concentration of the dye, temperature and pH were used in the present study to investigate their effect on the decolorization rate. The potential isolate Streptomyces sp (A5) exhibited significant decolorization ability at 5 days of incubation. The optimum conditions were found for degradation of Reactive Orange 122 azo dye by the isolate Streptomyces sp (A5). The maximum degradations were noticed at 0.3 g/L of dye concentration, 6 pH and 35 °C temperature, respectively. In conclusion, the results of the current study showed that the isolate Streptomyces sp (A5) was effectively degraded the textile dye Reactive Orange 122 azo dye under the optimized conditions.

pdf/screening-and-optimization-of-environmental-parameters-for-35ur514q5l.pdf

Screening and Optimization of Environmental Parameters for Maximum Decolorization of Reactive Orange 122 Azo- dye by Streptomyces sp (A5)

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Screening and Optimization of Environmental Parameters for Maximum Decolorization of Reactive Orange 122 Azo- dye by Streptomyces sp (A5)