Polymer foams have low density, good heat insulation, good sound insulation effects, high specific strength, and high corrosion resistance, and are widely used in civil and industrial applications. In this paper, the classification of polymer foams, principles of the foaming process, types of blowing agents, and raw materials of polymer foams are reviewed. The research progress of various foaming methods and the current problems and possible solutions are discussed in detail.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/11/6/953/pdf

Recent Trends of Foaming in Polymer Processing: A Review.

It is widely known that the demand for lightweight structures with excellent energy absorption capacity is paramount in numerous engineering applications. Many publications have revealed that corrugated structures can collapse in a relatively controlled manner with a uniform force-displacement response and have remarkable energy absorption efficiency when compared with traditional structures without corrugations. The present work provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the development of corrugated structures for energy absorption applications, also considering the effects of corrugation characteristics on their crashworthiness. Such advanced energy absorbers include corrugated tubes, corrugated tapered tubes, corrugated beam and plates, corrugated honeycombs, corrugated core sandwich panels and other hybrid structures with complex corrugations. This review demonstrates that thin-walled structures with introduced corrugations can achieve more efficient and effective energy absorption. Finally, contemporary challenges of design and manufacture are discussed, as well as future directions for corrugated structures. This synopsis provides a useful platform for researchers and engineers designing corrugated structures for energy absorption applications.

Thin-walled corrugated structures: A review of crashworthiness designs and energy absorption characteristics

It is a challenging task to advance the excellent strength and structural performance of sandwich structures, while continuing to reduce the weight and cost parameters. Thousands of researchers hav...

A review of the recent trends on core structures and impact response of sandwich panels

Kevlar aramid nanofibers (KANFs), a nanoscale version of poly(paraphenylene terephthalamide), are a fascinating class of one-dimensional organic nanomaterials with a combination of electrical conductivity, flexibility, mechanical robustness, physical stability and resistance to solvents. The interest in Kevlar aramid nanofibers with high mechanical strength is mainly due to the effectiveness of the interactions between nanofibers and matrices. They have been widely used as high-performance composites. In sharp contrast to other nanomaterials, due to their intrinsically ordered and asymmetric alternating nanostructure of molecular chains and abundant intermolecular hydrogen bonds, KANFs have received much attention in diverse fields including membrane separation technology. In recent years, research studies appeared ranging from synthesis strategies to separation application of KANF-based membranes. This review analyses and summarizes the synthesis and applications of KANF-based membranes in different processes, such as nanofiltration membranes, mixed matrix membranes, ion exchange membranes and proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Particular attention is paid to the tunable structure, chemical/physical stability, hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity and chemical reaction required in order to develop suitable KANF-based composite materials for membrane fabrication. In addition, approaches to fabricate KANF-based membranes, such as blending, grafting, amide reaction, network interpenetrating, interfacial polymerization and gel-confined conversion, are highlighted. Based on this, the application of KANF-based membranes in water treatment (including oil/water separation, water purification and desalination, emulsion separation, and dye wastewater separation), organic solvent treatment, ion separation, separation of battery and proton exchange membrane fuel cells is discussed. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of KANF-based membranes are summarized; on this basis, the challenges and future opportunities in this field are defined. This tutorial review provides an overview of the promising potential applications of Kevlar aramid nanofibers in membrane science.

The potential of Kevlar aramid nanofiber composite membranes

It is crucial that proper engineering structures are designed as energy absorbers for high dynamic loading situations, such as accidents, blasts, or impacts. The role of such structures is to absorb the high kinetic energy as strain energy through irreversible deformation of the structure. Many types of energy absorbers were designed for different dynamic high strain rate applications. One of these structures are sandwich structures. The aim of this review paper is to provide a general review on the type of sandwich structures that have been designed as energy absorbers and their performance in crashworthiness and blast related applications. The focus is on the type of core structures being used, namely foam and architected cores. It was found from the review that sandwich structures are viable candidates for such applications not only because of their light weight, but also due to the high-energy absorption capabilities. The work presented in this review paper shows that the data from the literature on this topic are vast and do not converge to any particular sandwich structure design. This presents the potential future research direction in designing sandwich structures, which have wider application at different scales.

Sandwich Structures for Energy Absorption Applications: A Review

This study presents the response of fiber reinforced composite material composed of woven Kevlar fabric impregnated with a colloidal shear thickening fluid (STF) under high velocity impact loading. The STF was made by dispersing silica nanoparticles at 15, 25, 35 and 45 wt.% loading in polyethylene glycol. The effects of silica nanoparticle loading on energy absorption and ballistic limit were studied experimentally. Rheological results revealed that shear thickening occurred at all four nanosilica loading and higher loading showing the higher shear thickening at lower shear rate. SEM images confirmed good dispersion of nanosilica particles in the suspension. The results of the pull out test show that by increasing nanosilica loading, the force required to pull the yarn out from the fabric impregnated by STF increases. Impact resistance performance of Kevlar fabric is significantly enhanced due to the presence of STF. Although high velocity impact results show that by increasing nanosilica loading, the energy absorption of composites increases, but in high loading of nanosilica, the effectiveness of STF decreases. For further investigation, the energy absorption at the ballistic limit was normalized by the areal density of the neat and impregnated fabrics to give the specific energy absorption (SEA). It is found that the SEA of 15 wt.% nanosilica loading is lower compared to the neat fabric. Also the highest SEA turn out in the case of 35 wt.% STF/Kevlar composites in which the SEA is 2.3 times larger than those of the neat fabric.

/pdf/ballistic-performance-of-kevlar-fabric-impregnated-with-3blswfoy6u.pdf

Ballistic performance of Kevlar fabric impregnated with nanosilica/PEG shear thickening fluid

Increasing the development in industrial technology and need for energy absorption, lightweight and cost effective composite materials such as composite sandwich panels have been in the center of attention. In this paper energy absorption properties of proposed composite sandwich panels with different corrugated core geometries under quasi static out of plane loading conditions is experimentally investigated. Three different corrugated shapes, i.e. rectangular, trapezoidal and triangular fabricated with the same thickness are used. The specimens were subjected to three different quasi-static compression loading condition i.e. concentrated, linear and planar. The effect of the number of unit cells and corrugated core geometries in determining the overall deformation and local collapse behavior of the panels also investigated. Based on the comparative results, it is found that three unit cell rectangular corrugated geometry possessed the best performance than other types of corrugated core geometries. Moreover, through visual observation the damage mechanisms under loading conditions and subsequent failure modes are inspected. Plastic buckling of cell walls and foam densification identified as the initial failure modes and by continuing the loading, fiber breakage, localized delamination as well as debonding between the skins and the core were the main damage mechanisms in these corrugated systems.

Characterization of compressive behavior of PVC foam infilled composite sandwich panels with different corrugated core shapes

Tensile properties of plain and nanoclay reinforced epoxy matrix syntactic foams with three different sizes of ceramic microballoons are investigated experimentally. Nine series of plain syntactic foams with 20, 40 and 60 volume fractions of microballoons are prepared and tested to study the volume fraction and size effects. Also nano syntactic foams specimens with six different weight fractions of nanoclay (0, 1, 2, 3, 5 & 7%) are tested and the effect of nanoclay content on the tensile properties is investigated. In addition to tensile tests, fracture modes of all syntactic foams are considered thoroughly by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

/pdf/investigation-on-tensile-properties-of-plain-and-nanoclay-h1oh1pxh9z.pdf

Investigation on Tensile Properties of Plain and Nanoclay Reinforced Syntactic Foams

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Ballistic performance of Kevlar fabric impregnated with nanosilica/PEG shear thickening fluid

Characterization of compressive behavior of PVC foam infilled composite sandwich panels with different corrugated core shapes

Investigation on Tensile Properties of Plain and Nanoclay Reinforced Syntactic Foams