Nutritional limits to animal production from pastures

The liver is the largest solid visceral organ in the body and the most important “chemical factory,” with functions that cannot be replaced by any artificial means. Functions of the liver can essentially be divided into three major groups: synthetic, metabolic, and exocrine. The liver is the key organ in the metabolism of nutrients (glycogens, proteins, fats) and of exogenous chemical materials (drugs, toxins). It has enormous compensatory capacity and regenerative ability. Damage to the liver may not be detected until the late stage, and it is practically impossible for the anatomic pathologist to state exactly how much of the liver parenchyma must be destroyed before liver failure occurs. Massive destruction of the liver parenchyma or severe disorganization of its normal architecture may ultimately lead to hepatic failure. In fulminant liver failure, liver transplantation is by far the only rescue.

Pathology of the Liver, Biliary System, and Exocrine Pancreas

Ticks are important vector hosts of pathogens which cause human and animal diseases worldwide. Diverse viruses have been discovered in ticks; however, little is known about the ecological factors that affect the tick virome composition and evolution. Herein, we employed RNA sequencing to study the virome diversity of the Haemaphysalis longicornis and Rhipicephalus microplus ticks sampled in Hubei Province in China. Twelve RNA viruses with complete genomes were identified, which belonged to six viral families: Flaviviridae, Matonaviridae, Peribunyaviridae, Nairoviridae, Phenuiviridae, and Rhabdoviridae. These viruses showed great diversity in their genome organization and evolution, four of which were proposed to be novel species. The virome diversity and abundance of R. microplus ticks fed on cattle were evidently high. Further ecological analyses suggested that host species and feeding status may be key factors affecting the tick virome structure. This study described a number of novel viral species and variants from ticks and, more importantly, provided insights into the ecological factors shaping the virome structures of ticks, although it clearly warrants further investigation.

Tick virome diversity in Hubei Province, China, and the influence of host ecology

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of altitude and harvesting dates on productivity and nutritive value of three Brachiaria brizantha grass ecotypes (Eth. 13726, Eth. 13809 and Eth. 1377) in northwestern Ethiopia. A factorial arrangement of treatments was employed with a combination of three altitudes and three harvesting dates. The data collected consisted of plant height (PH), number of tillers, number and length of leaves and fresh yield. The yield and chemical analysis of forage samples were analyzed for dry matter yield, ash, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent lignin. All data were subjected to analysis of variance procedures, with significance tested at P   0.05) in DM yield with increasing harvesting dates for all ecotypes. CP content declined with increased harvesting date in all ecotypes [Eth. 13726 (16.33, 10.63 and 6.72), Eth. 13809 (13.87, 10.60 and 9.57) and Eth. 1377 (14.80, 10.15 and 7.86)] for 60, 90 and 120 harvesting dates, respectively. All ecotypes had the highest CP content at day 60 harvesting stage. Although all ecotypes had potential as an alternative ruminant feed in all altitude areas in Ethiopia, highest CP and lowest NDF and ADF concentrations were recorded by Eth13809 ecotype. Its capability to grow at low rainfall maintaining high yields is an additional advantage over the other two. Thus, among the tested ecotype grasses Eth13809 showed outstanding potential as a forage plant especially in low altitude area of northwestern Ethiopia.

/pdf/evaluation-of-morphological-characteristics-yield-and-3npuzknr0a.pdf

Evaluation of morphological characteristics, yield and nutritive value of Brachiaria grass ecotypes in northwestern Ethiopia

There is a growing demand for animal products, especially food for human consumption, including in developing countries in tropical regions of the world. Simultaneously, animal welfare and a reduced environmental impact are increasingly important to modern consumers and non-consumers. Increased efficiency of existing animal production systems is key to meeting the growing demand of animal products without ignoring societal concerns. Adequate animal welfare can play an important role in improving production and addressing consumer demands. This review describes the main cattle production systems in the tropics and considers how they meet the need for transparent animal welfare conditions. Several challenges to overcome are highlighted, including lack of information about the real cattle welfare status in the tropics. Adequate assessment protocols and improvements in animal nutrition, infrastructure, animal health and farming-related education need special attention in the region. Better animal welfare could improve tropical animal production in terms of productivity, and increase the volume of meat and milk delivered. It could also guarantee consumer acceptance and future consumption of animal products, secure incomes, alleviate poverty and reduce migration to urban areas and countryside abandonment. 

/pdf/cattle-welfare-aspects-of-production-systems-in-the-tropics-38vk5nnz.pdf

Cattle welfare aspects of production systems in the tropics

The study was conducted with the objective of assessing available livestock feed resources from mixed farming system (MF) and shifting cultivation (SC) in Abobo woreda, Gambella Regional State. The study was done using a formal survey, focus group discussion, secondary data and field observations. Purposive sampling was employed to select 180 respondents (90 from each farming system) that have at least one livestock for the survey data collection. The number of cattle from MF was higher (p<0.05) than that of SC, while the number of goats and chicken from SC were higher (p<0.05) than MF. Natural pasture was the dominant feed resources during the wet season. Crop residue and browse forage species play a significant role during the dry season. The major livestock production constraints in the study area were disease and parasite (67%) followed by feed shortage (50%) and water scarcity (46%).

/pdf/assessment-of-livestock-feed-resources-in-the-farming-5p6oj5amio.pdf

Assessment of Livestock Feed Resources in the Farming Systems of Mixed and Shifting Cultivation, Gambella Regional State, Southwestern Ethiopia

In Ethiopia the commonly identified feed resource are natural pasture, crop residue, improved pasture and forages, agro-industrial by-products, other by-products like food and vegetable refusal, of which the first two contribute the largest share. This research was done with the objective of nutritional characterization of selected forage species in two districts of Gambella regional state Lare and Abol, Southwest Ethiopia. The study was done using a formal survey, focus group discussions and field observations followed by sample collection, chemical analysis and In vitro Dry Matter Digestibility (IVDMD) of selected grass and browse species. Purposive sampling was employed to select 90 Households (HHs) having livestock. Four grasses and 10 browses species were collected during November to December 2013 and their nutritive values were evaluated. The average Crude Protein (CP) was 11.51% for the grasses and 13.16% for the browses, respectively. The average neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content was 75.37% for grasses and 56.43% for browse species whereas the IVDMD of grasses and browses were 64.45% and 59.3%, respectively. The selected grasses and browse species were good potential as livestock feed in the area and is recommended if further analysis in more species and study sites in the area.

https://www.longdom.org/open-access/nutritional-characterization-of-selected-fodder-species-in-abol-and-laredistricts-of-gambella-region-ethiopia-2155-9600-1000581.pdf

Nutritional Characterization of Selected Fodder Species in Abol and LareDistricts of Gambella Region, Ethiopia

Ticks are among the obligated ecotparasites that feed blood of vertebrates; particularly mammals; birds; and they are arachnids in the subclass Acari; closely related to mites; surviving for up to several years. This review paper dials about the biology; epidemiology and control methods of hard ticks. Morphologically they are classified into two families known as Ixodidae and Argasidae. All hard ticks feed only on blood of their hosts. They are active during warm periods and easily find their hosts by grapping using their front legs and attach on the suitable site. In their life cycle they have three active stages called larvae; nymphs and adults after eggs is released which is dormant.

/pdf/overview-of-the-biology-epidemiology-and-control-methods-511zbbik8x.pdf

Overview of the Biology, Epidemiology and Control Methods against Hard Ticks: A Review

This study was carried out from November 2007 to May 2008 to determine the prevalence and distribution of pulmonary lesions in different lobes in Jimma municipality abattoir. Cross sectional study by gross examination of cattle lung was done in the abattoir to determine pulmonary lesions. From 384 lungs examined, 91.7% was found to have one or more lesions. Hydatidosis (108, 28.1%), emphysema (115, 29.9%), atelectasis (72, 18.8%), congestion (191, 49.7%), abscess (21, 5.5%), and lung parasite (1, 0.3%) were found during the study period. Body condition association with the lesions were studied and pulmonary abscess and pulmonary emphysema has significant effect (p<0.05) on poor body conditioned animals. Animals with fat body condition were significantly affected (p<0.05) by pulmonary congestion and atelectasis. Lung parasite and hydatidosis found having no significant association with the animal body condition. In conclusion lung is a highly condemned organ due to different pulmonary lesions occurring which in turn results a significant economic loss.

/pdf/gross-pulmonary-lesions-of-bovine-lung-slaughtered-at-jimma-edohs22cwf.pdf

Gross Pulmonary Lesions of Bovine Lung Slaughtered at Jimma Municipality Abattoir, Ethiopia

Since early period, several reproductive technologies practiced as a prime concern for researchers, employed for genetic improvement of farm animals. This review deals with the assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) among the known approaches for genetic improvements. This review paper focused on artificial insemination (AI), estrus synchronization, multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET), cryopreservation (freezing) of gametes or embryos and in vitro embryo production (IVEP). Briefly to see, AI is the manual placement of semen in the reproductive tract of the female by a method other than natural mating. AI is the most effective method being used for the genetic improvement of animals. Estrous synchronization is another process of targeting female mammals to come to heat within a short time frame (36 to 96 hours) that is to have a number of females in estrus during a very short period. Superovulation is also a method when an animal is induced (usually through use of injectable hormones) to ovulate multiple ova (the hormonal treatment for harvesting increased number of oocytes from the ovary than normal). Cryopreservation is another technique operated by storing a low temperature for a long-term storage to preserve the structurally intact living cells and tissues for extended period at a relatively low cost. The other ARTs method is embryo transfer, which is carried out on a variety of agricultural animals, to a greater or lesser extent depending on the species. IVEP includes three major steps: in vitro maturation (IVM), in vitro fertilization (IVF) and in vitro development (IVD) of the resulting embryos. In conclusion, animal biotechnologies related to reproduction have contributed too many improvements in agriculturally important traits in livestock. Reproduction lies at the heart of any livestock breeding enterprise and is vital to maintain or increase the number of animals required for production.

/pdf/review-on-major-assisted-reproductive-technologies-2h23693agy.pdf

Review on Major Assisted Reproductive Technologies

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