Additional co-authors: Flavia Machado Durgante, Aline Lopes, Susan E. Trumbore, Hans ter Steege, Adalberto Luis Val, Wolfgang J. Junk, Maria Teresa Fernandez Piedade

The shadow of the Balbina dam: A synthesis of over 35 years of downstream impacts on floodplain forests in Central Amazonia

Asian School of the Environment and Earth Observatory of Singapore (EOS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Brazil Institute of Floodplain Ecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Rastatt, Germany National Institute of Education (NIE), NanyangTechnological University, Singapore Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California (UCSB), Santa Barbara, California, USA Department of Geography and the Environment, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA

Vulnerability of the biota in riverine and seasonally flooded habitats to damming of Amazonian rivers

The Volta Grande do Xingu (VGX) in the Amazon Forest of Brazil was chosen to analyze the land use and land cover changes (LULCC) from 2000 to 2017, with the aim of assessing the most suitable classification method for the area. Three parametric (Mahalanobis distance, maximum likelihood and minimum distance) and three non-parametric (neural net, random forest and support vector machine) classification algorithms were tested in two Landsat scenes. The accuracy assessment was evaluated through a confusion matrix. Change detection of the landscape was analyzed through the post-classification comparison method. While maximum likelihood was more capable of highlighting errors in individual classes, support vector machine was slightly superior when compared with the other non-parametric options, these being the most suitable classifiers within the scope of this study. The main changes detected in the landscape were from forest to agro-pasture, from forest/agro-pasture to river, and from river to non-river, resulting in rock exposure. The methodology outlined in this research highlights the usefulness of remote sensing tools in follow-up observations of LULCC in the study area (with the possibility of application to the entire Amazon rainforest). Thus, it is possible to carry out adaptive management that aims to minimize unforeseen or underestimated impacts in previous stages of environmental licensing.

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/2/1309/pdf?version=1673346644

A Comparison between Supervised Classification Methods: Study Case on Land Cover Change Detection Caused by a Hydroelectric Complex Installation in the Brazilian Amazon

The rich biodiversity of Amazonia is shaped geographically and ecologically by its rivers and their cycles of seasonal flooding. Anthropogenic effects, such as deforestation, infrastructure development and extreme climatic events, threaten the ecological processes sustaining Amazonian ecosystems. In this Review, we explore the coupled evolution of Amazonian rivers and biodiversity associated with terrestrial and seasonally flooded environments, integrating geological, climatic, ecological and genetic evidence. Amazonia and its fluvial environments are highly heterogeneous, and the drainage system is historically dynamic and continually evolving; as a result, the discharge, sediment load and strength of rivers as barriers to biotic dispersal has changed through time. Ecological affinities of taxa, drainage rearrangements and variations in riverine landscape caused by past climate changes have mediated the evolution of the high diversity found in modern-day Amazonia. The connected history of the region's biodiversity and landscape provides fundamental information for mitigating current and future impacts. However, incomplete knowledge about species taxonomy, distributions, habitat use, ecological interactions and occurrence patterns limits our understanding. Partnerships with Indigenous peoples and local communities, who have close ties to land and natural resources, are key to improving knowledge generation and dissemination, enabling better impact assessments, monitoring and management of the riverine systems at risk from evolving pressures. Amazonia features a highly biodiverse range of organisms and habitats. This Review explores the geological history and characteristics of Amazonian rivers and their role in shaping the biodiversity of the region. 

The role of rivers in the origin and future of Amazonian biodiversity

This study aims to assess the land use and land cover change (LULCC) using three pixel-based methods of image classification in the region of Volta Grande do Xingu (VGX) (Brazilian Amazon), under influence of the Belo Monte (BM) hydroelectric power plant. The accuracies of the classifications were compared, and land use change analyses were performed in the different scenarios. The main impacts regarding LULCC were from forest to agro pasture, from non-river to river upstream the Xingu river, and from river to non-river in the south of the VGX, resulting in rock exposure.

Tracking Land Use and Land Cover Changes in the Volta Grande Do Xingu(PARÁ - Brazil) Between 2000 and 2017 Through Three Pixel-Based Classification Methods

A biodiversidade aquatica e a elevada produtividade pesqueira da Bacia Amazonica se devem principalmente a dinâmica anual dos pulsos de inundacao e as extensas areas alagaveis. Alguns dos principais impactos da construcao de barragens para geracao de hidroeletricidade incidem precisamente nesta dinâmica hidrologica. A construcao da Usina Hidreletrica (UHE) Belo Monte interfere na dinâmica hidrologica da Volta Grande do Xingu (VGX) ao desviar a maior parte da vazao para fora desse trecho do rio. Com base em uma analise critica da literatura sobre o impacto de barragens e de monitoramentos em campo, que vem sendo conduzidos tanto pelo empreendedor quanto por pesquisas independentes, verificamos que seriam necessarios volumes de agua substancialmente maiores do que o hidrograma proposto pela empresa e pela Agencia Nacional de Aguas (ANA), para nao causar a total ruptura na conexao do rio com as planicies alagaveis, com efeitos negativos em cascata que comprometem, inclusive, a seguranca alimentar em toda a VGX. A proposta de testar o hidrograma estabelecido pela empresa por seis anos, com uma drastica reducao de vazao e perda da previsibilidade e regularidade do pulso anual de inundacao, fere o Principio Precaucionario, contraria o conhecimento ecologico acumulado sobre o tema e coloca em risco o ambiente, a biota e os modos de vida das populacoes humanas estabelecidas naquela regiao. Palavras-chave : Volta Grande do Xingu. Juruna (Yudja). Hidrograma de Consenso. Regras de operacao. Belo Monte.

https://periodicos.ufpa.br/index.php/pnaea/article/download/8106/5957

Condições para a manutenção da dinâmica sazonal de inundação, a conservação do ecossistema aquático e manutenção dos modos de vida dos povos da volta grande do Xingu

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Condições para a manutenção da dinâmica sazonal de inundação, a conservação do ecossistema aquático e manutenção dos modos de vida dos povos da volta grande do Xingu