In this book Professor Holmes discusses some of the evidence relating to one of the most baffling problems yet recognized by biologists-the factors involved in the regulation of growth and form. A wide range of possible influences, from enzymes to cellular competition, is considered. Numerous experiments and theories are described, with or without bibliographic citation. There is a list of references for each chapter and an index. The subject from a scientific standpoint is an exceedingly difficult one, for the reason that very little indeed is understood regarding such phenomena as differentiation. It follows that the problem offers fine opportunities for intellectual jousting by mechanists and vitalists, that hypotheses and theories must often be the weapons of choice, and philosophy the armor. Professor Holmes gives us a good seat from which to watch the combats, explains clearly what is going on, and occasionally slips away to enter the lists himself. This stereoscopic atlas of anatomy was designed as an aid in teaching neuro-anatomy for beginning medical students and as a review for physicians taking Board examinations in Psychiatry and Neurology. Each plate consists of a pair of stereoscopic photographs and a labelled diagram of the important parts seen in the photograph. Perhaps in this day of scarcity of materials, particularly of human brains hardened for dissection, photographs of this kind conceivably can be used as a substitute. Successive stages of dissection are presented in such a fashion that, used in conjunction with the dissecting manual, a student should be able to identify most of the important components of the nervous system without much outside help. The area covered is limited to the gross features of the brain and brain stem and perhaps necessarily does not deal with any of the microscopic structure. So much more can be learned from the dissection of the actual brain that it is doubtful if this atlas would be useful except where brains are not available. A good deal of effort has been spent on the preparation of this atlas, with moderately successful results.

The Integrative Action of the Nervous System.

Meaning, Medicine, and the “Placebo Effect” Daniel Moerman Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. xiii. 172 pp.

Meaning, Medicine, and the “Placebo Effect”

The scientific basis of acupuncture

Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction, The Trigger Point Manual, Volume 2: The Lower Extremities

Non-pharmacologic alternative therapies for pain have been around for a long time, some for hundreds of years. They have been used throughout history to treat many issues. Currently, alternative medicine is most frequently used to treat musculoskeletal pain, and between 59 and 90% of patients utilizing alternative therapies for chronic pain claimed they were helpful and can serve as an effective adjunctive for the treatment of chronic pain. Some examples of alternative therapies that will be discussed in this review include acupuncture, tai chi, osteopathic manipulation, and chiropractic care. Acupuncture, traditionally a Chinese practice, is becoming more popular across the world to attempt to relieve pain. It involves the placement of thin needles at various points in the body. The efficacy of acupuncture for pain is heavily debated. More research and discussion are necessary to determine the exact role it plays in the treatment of chronic pain. Tai chi is also a traditional Chinese practice that is often used as a form of meditation and for potential health benefits. Tai chi involves a series of complex movements such as squatting combined with deep breathing to achieve relaxation and pain reduction. Osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) is a technique used by both osteopathic physicians (DO) as well as other health professionals to manage a wide range of conditions in any given patient. The technique involves utilization and manipulation of the musculoskeletal system to achieve potential health benefits. OMT has been used as therapy for many issues but is commonly used for pain conditions. Alternative therapies may serve as an effective adjunctive treatment modality for the management of chronic pain conditions. There has been a tremendous amount of research dictating the effectiveness of alternative therapies for chronic pain management. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive evidence-based update of alternative therapy used for the management of chronic pain conditions.

/pdf/a-comprehensive-review-of-alternative-therapies-for-the-54bhwjfvh3.pdf

A Comprehensive Review of Alternative Therapies for the Management of Chronic Pain Patients: Acupuncture, Tai Chi, Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine, and Chiropractic Care.

Within the last 10 years, the percentage of low back pain (LBP) prevalence increased by 18%. The management and high cost of LBP put a tremendous burden on the healthcare system. Many risk factors have been identified, such as lifestyle, trauma, degeneration, postural impairment, and occupational related factors; however, as high as 95% of the cases of LBP are non-specific. Currently, LBP is treated pharmacologically. Approximately 25 to 30% of the patients develop serious side effects, such as drowsiness and drug addiction. Spinal surgery often does not result in a massive improvement of pain relief. Therefore, complementary approaches are being integrated into the rehabilitation programs. These include chiropractic therapy, physiotherapy, massage, exercise, herbal medicine and acupuncture. Acupuncture for LBP is one of the most commonly used non-pharmacological pain-relieving techniques. This is due to its low adverse effects and cost-effectiveness. Currently, many randomized controlled trials and clinical research studies have produced promising results. In this article, the causes and incidence of LBP on global health care are reviewed. The importance of treatment by acupuncture is considered. The efforts to reveal the link between acupuncture points and anatomical features and the neurological mechanisms that lead to acupuncture-induced analgesic effect are reviewed.

Acupuncture and Neural Mechanism in the Management of Low Back Pain—An Update

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Acupuncture and Neural Mechanism in the Management of Low Back Pain—An Update