Vascular stenosis triggers adaptive cellular responses that induce adverse remodeling, which can progress to partial or complete vessel occlusion. Despite its severity, cellular interactions and biophysical cues that regulate pathological progression are poorly understood. We report the design and fabrication of a three-dimensional in vitro system to model vascular stenosis so that specific cellular interactions and responses to hemodynamic stimuli can be investigated. Tubular cellularized constructs (cytotubes) were produced using a collagen casting system to generate a stenotic arterial model. Fabrication methods were developed to create cytotubes containing co-cultured vascular cells, where cell viability, distribution, morphology, and contraction were examined (Figure). Fibroblasts, bone marrow primary cells, smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and endothelial cells (ECs) remained viable during culture and developed locationand time-dependent morphologies. We found cytotube contraction to depend on cellular composition, where SMC-EC co-cultures adopted intermediate contractile phenotypes between SMCand EC-only cytotubes. Our fabrication approach and resulting artery model can serve as an in vitro 3D culture system to investigate vascular pathogenesis.

Microscopy and Microanalysis

Influence of stress relief annealing temperature on the cutting edge microstructure and on the recovery of magnetic properties of grain oriented electrical steel

Grain size analysis in permanent magnets from Kerr microscopy images using machine learning techniques

The ability to map plastic deformation around high strain gradient microstructural features is central in studying phenomena such as fatigue and stress corrosion cracking. A method for the visualization of plastic deformation in electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) data has been developed and is described in this article. This technique is based on mapping the intragrain misorientation in polycrystalline metals. The algorithm maps the scalar misorientation between a local minimum misorientation reference pixel and every other pixel within an individual grain. A map around the corner of a Vickers indentation in 304 stainless steel was used as a test case. Several algorithms for EBSD mapping were then applied to the deformation distributions around air fatigue and stress corrosion cracks in 304 stainless steel. Using this technique, clear visualization of a deformation zone around high strain gradient microstructural features (crack tips, indentations, etc.) is possible with standard EBSD data.

Misorientation mapping for visualization of plastic deformation via electron back-scattered diffraction.

Tailored hard and soft magnetic materials play a key role for efficient next generation electrical energy converters. Besides the chemical composition, the microstructure design is essential for high performance magnets. Hard magnetic materials feature a high coercive field and high remanence, which requires small grain sizes and a high degree of alignment, respectively. Both properties depend on the manufacturing process of hard magnetic materials, which involves the alignment of hard magnetic powder in an external magnetic field before compaction. By means of liquid-phase sintering a microstructure consisting of hard magnetic anisotropic aligned grains is obtained. The grains are magnetically isolated from each other by a non-magnetic grain boundary phase [1]. In contrast, soft magnets like electrical steels are characterized by a low coercive field. This allows high frequency applications with low energy losses. The optimal grain size of electrical steels for automotive applications is between 100 – 150 μm and is achieved due to a combination of rolling and annealing steps [2]. For the final geometry of the motor components mechanical punching processes are required. Therefore, elastic strains and plastic deformation remain in the structure. The design of the structure of hard and soft magnetic materials represents one of the major challenges to realize improved magnetic properties for tailored electromobile applications.

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EBSD - a Powerful Tool for the Analysis of Magnetic Materials

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EBSD - a Powerful Tool for the Analysis of Magnetic Materials