Connected and automated vehicles (CAV) are marketed for their increased safety, driving comfort, and time saving potential. With much easier access to information, increased processing power, and precision control, they also offer unprecedented opportunities for energy efficient driving. This paper is an attempt to highlight the energy saving potential of connected and automated vehicles based on first principles of motion, optimal control theory, and a review of the vast but scattered eco-driving literature. We explain that connectivity to other vehicles and infrastructure allows better anticipation of upcoming events, such as hills, curves, slow traffic, state of traffic signals, and movement of neighboring vehicles. Automation allows vehicles to adjust their motion more precisely in anticipation of upcoming events, and save energy. Opportunities for cooperative driving could further increase energy efficiency of a group of vehicles by allowing them to move in a coordinated manner. Energy efficient motion of connected and automated vehicles could have a harmonizing effect on mixed traffic, leading to additional energy savings for neighboring vehicles.

/pdf/energy-saving-potentials-of-connected-and-automated-vehicles-17tfws88z6.pdf

Energy saving potentials of connected and automated vehicles

Second-harmonic generation (SHG) in magnetically ordered crystals is reviewed. The symmetry of such crystals is determined by the arrangement of both the charges and the spins, so their contributions to the crystallographic and the magnetic structures, respectively, must be distinguished. Magnetic SHG is introduced as a probe for magnetic structures and sublattice interactions. The specific degrees of optical experiments - including spectral, spatial, and temporal resolution - lead to the observation of novel physical effects that cannot be revealed by other techniques of probing magnetism. These include local or hidden phase transitions, interacting magnetized and polarized sublattices and domain walls, and magnetic interfaces. SHG in various centrosymmetric and noncentrosymmetric crystal classes of antiferromagnetic oxides such as Cr2O3, hexagonal RMnO3(R=Sc,Y,In,Ho-Lu), magnetic garnet films, CuB2O4, CoO, and NiO, is discussed.

/pdf/second-harmonic-generation-as-a-tool-for-studying-electronic-2jobylwfik.pdf

Second-harmonic generation as a tool for studying electronic and magnetic structures of crystals: review

Autonomous vehicles move passengers without human intervention. Modelling suggests that autonomous taxis could reduce transport emissions by 87–94% per mile in 2030 and save approximately 7 billion barrels of oil.

Autonomous taxis could greatly reduce greenhouse-gas emissions of US light-duty vehicles

Autonomous vehicles: The next jump in accessibilities?

Evidence suggests that the role of electric buses in public transit is important if we are to take steps to reduce climate change and the environmental impacts of fossil fuels. Several electric alternatives are currently operationalized, and the debate about which is most suitable is attracting considerable attention. This article provides a detailed review of various performance features for three categories of electric buses: hybrid, fuel cell, and battery. Economic, operational, energy, and environmental characteristics of each technology are reviewed in detail based on simulation models and operational data presented by various scholars in different contexts. The study develops a holistic assessment of electric buses based on side-by-side comparison of 16 features that best inform the decision making process. The review indicates that the selection process of electric technology is highly sensitive to operational context and energy profile. In addition, it highlights that hybrid buses will not provide a significant reduction in GHG and would be suitable only for short-term objectives as a stepping-stone towards full electrification of transit. Battery and fuel cell buses are arguably capable of satisfying the current operational requirements, yet initial investment remains a major barrier. Overnight Battery Electric Bus is advocated as the most suitable alternative for bus transit contexts given the expected improvements in battery technology and the trend to utilize sustainable sources in electricity generation.

Electric buses: A review of alternative powertrains

Road Vehicle Automation 4

German and European vehicle manufacturers and automotive suppliers have been at the forefront of developing and commercializing advanced driver assistance systems in the past. They are thus well prepared to proceed towards increasing levels of road vehicle automation, and engage in a multitude of technology development and demonstration actions around the world, now. Nonetheless, serious steps in reliability, security and affordability of the key enabling technologies still need to be taken and solutions for the liability issues and legal requirements have to be found before a broad rollout of automated driving in Europe. Starting from the motivations of automated driving this chapter reviews recent achievements in driver assistance systems and highlights promising paths of future development of automated driving, pointing out the research and innovation needs in key enabling technologies and also considering solutions for non-technical issues. Furthermore, potential synergies between the automation and the electrification of the vehicle are analyzed.

Research and Innovation for Automated Driving in Germany and Europe

A scanning near-field optical microscope is combined with a modified Sagnac interferometer to generate high-resolution magnetic contrast images of a magneto-optical disk (MOD) in reflection. The interferometer acts as a magnetic sensor to determine the Kerr rotation of reflected circularly polarized light. A separate shear-force sample topography is obtained simultaneously with the optical. This technique allows successful magnetic imaging of samples with complicated surface topographies, as demonstrated with the MOD. For these initial measurements, the resolution with nonmetal-coated fiber tips is 300 nm, and the magnetic phase sensitivity is 1 mrad.

Kerr-rotation imaging in scanning near-field optical microscopy using a modified Sagnac interferometer

Electric Vehicle Business Models

EV business models in a wider context: balancing change and continuity in the automotive industry.- Four business models for a fast commercialization of plug-in cars.- Electrification of the Powertrain in Automotive Applications: "Technology Push" or "Market Pull"?.- Identification of market models and associated billing strategies for the provision of EV charging services.- Business Case for EV charging on the Motorway Network in Denmark.- Pricing Plug-in Electric Vehicle Recharging in Multi-Unit Dwellings: Financial Viability and Fueling Costs.- Solutions and Business Models for Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicles.- Electric Vehicles as Grid Support.- Energy Efficiency in Electric and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles and its Impact on Total Cost of Ownership.

Electric vehicle business models : global perspectives

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