Problem Given the number of times in which an unknown event has happened and failed: Required the chance that the probability of its happening in a single trial lies somewhere between any two degrees of probability that can be named. SECTION 1 Definition 1. Several events are inconsistent, when if one of them happens, none of the rest can. 2. Two events are contrary when one, or other of them must; and both together cannot happen. 3. An event is said to fail, when it cannot happen; or, which comes to the same thing, when its contrary has happened. 4. An event is said to be determined when it has either happened or failed. 5. The probability of any event is the ratio between the value at which an expectation depending on the happening of the event ought to be computed, and the value of the thing expected upon it’s 2 happening.

An essay towards solving a problem in the doctrine of chances. [Facsimil]

The history of medicine.

Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae, I

Animals live in habitats fraught with a range of environmental challenges to their bodies and brains. Accordingly, cells and organ systems have evolved stress-responsive signaling pathways that enable them to not only withstand environmental challenges but also to prepare for future challenges and function more efficiently. These phylogenetically conserved processes are the foundation of the hormesis principle, in which single or repeated exposures to low levels of environmental challenges improve cellular and organismal fitness and raise the probability of survival. Hormetic principles have been most intensively studied in physical exercise but apply to numerous other challenges known to improve human health (e.g., intermittent fasting, cognitive stimulation, and dietary phytochemicals). Here we review the physiological mechanisms underlying hormesis-based neuroplasticity and neuroprotection. Approaching natural resilience from the lens of hormesis may reveal novel methods for optimizing brain function and lowering the burden of neurological disorders. 

The hormesis principle of neuroplasticity and neuroprotection.

Los hombres han dominado la medicina durante
muchos siglos. Las mujeres no aparecen en la historia
de la medicina hasta el final del siglo XVIII, aunque
siempre han estado en la medicina como curanderas.
Vale la pena mencionar que las primeras ilustraciones
que indican la presencia de mujeres en la cirugia se
encontraron en un libro escrito en turco por Serefeddin
Sabuncuoglu en el siglo XV, mientras Europa todavia despertaba de la oscuridad y el Oriente Medio estaba
bajo la influencia de las estrictas reglas de la cultura
Arabiga e Islamica. Serefeddin Sabuncuoglu (1385-
1470) fue el autor del primer texto quirurgico ilustrado
Cerrahiyyetu'l-Haniyye (Cirugia Imperial) en Literatura
Turca. Las miniaturas dibujadas por Sereffeddin
Sabuncuoglu indicaban que las mujeres cirujanos,
conocidas como "Tabibe", estaban autorizadas para
practicar solo en Anatolia. Se ilustra, en miniaturas,
como las Tabibes actuaban en el tratamiento de fetos
muertos con hidrocefalia y macrocefalia que fueron,
por supuesto, los primeros datos de mujeres turcas en
la Neurocirugia.

First illustrations of female "Neurosurgeons" in the fifteenth century by Serefeddin

Theophrastus Bombastus Von Hohenheim known as Paracelsus was a German-Swiss homo universalis, or Renaissance man, whose interests included medicine, chemistry and toxicology. Characterized as a rebellious and great reformer of established medicine of his era, Paracelsus preferred observing nature, over studying ancient texts to find appropriate treatments for various diseases. He also used unconventional curative methods, such as minerals and other inorganic substances, which caused much controversy among his contemporaries. The main purpose of this article is to highlight his contribution on toxicology and the use of mercury.

Theophrastus Bombastus Von Hohenheim (Paracelsus) (1493-1541): The eminent physician and pioneer of toxicology.

350 Erciyes Med J 2020; 42(3): 350–3 • DOI: 10.14744/etd.2020.10476 HISTORY OF MEDICINE – REVIEW – OPEN ACCESS This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Spyros N. Michaleas , Gregory Tsoucalas , George Androutsos , Marianna Karamanou Şerefeddin Sabuncuoğlu: A Pioneer Surgeon of the Ottoman Era Sharaf al-Dīn (Şerefeddin) Sabuncuoğlu (1385-c.1468) was an innovative surgeon and a prominent illustrator who lived in the Ottoman Empire during the 15 century. His medical treatise, Kitāb al-Jarrāhiyyāt al-Khaniyya (Kitâbü’l-Cerrâhiyyetü’lHâniyye [Book of Imperial Surgery]; 1465), is the first illustrated surgical textbook written in Turkish. His book also provides comprehensive information about ancient Greek and Asian knowledge of medicine, including topics on gynecology, neurology, obstetrics, ophthalmology, orthopedics, pediatrics, urology, and vascular surgery, as well as Sabuncuoğlu’s own contributions to the field of surgery. Despite not being well recognized in his era, his methods were revolutionary for his time, and many remain valid even today. This review seeks to highlight Şerefeddin Sabuncuoğlu’s medical treatise from a historical perspective and to shed light on its influence on modern surgery.

/pdf/serefeddin-sabuncuoglu-a-pioneer-surgeon-of-the-ottoman-era-1x7sjdgxiw.pdf

Şerefeddin Sabuncuoğlu: a pioneer surgeon of the Ottoman era.

Apport de la « méthode numérique » de Pierre-Charles-Alexandre Louis (1787–1872) dans les maladies de poitrine

Les institutions hospitalières de Byzance et l’hôpital (Xénon) du monastère du Christ Sauveur Pantocrator de Constantinople

La lèpre à Byzance

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