The Optics of Human Skin

Diabetic autonomic neuropathy (DAN) is a serious and common complication of diabetes. Despite its relationship to an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality and its association with multiple symptoms and impairments, the significance of DAN has not been fully appreciated. The reported prevalence of DAN varies widely depending on the cohort studied and the methods of assessment. In randomly selected cohorts of asymptomatic individuals with diabetes, 20% had abnormal cardiovascular autonomic function. DAN frequently coexists with other peripheral neuropathies and other diabetic complications, but DAN may be isolated, frequently preceding the detection of other complications. Major clinical manifestations of DAN include resting tachycardia, exercise intolerance, orthostatic hypotension, constipation, gastro- paresis, erectile dysfunction, sudomotor dysfunction, impaired neurovascular function, "brit- tle diabetes," and hypoglycemic autonomic failure. DAN may affect many organ systems throughout the body (e.g., gastrointestinal (GI), genitourinary, and cardiovascular). GI distur- bances (e.g., esophageal enteropathy, gastroparesis, constipation, diarrhea, and fecal inconti- nence) are common, and any section of the GI tract may be affected. Gastroparesis should be suspected in individuals with erratic glucose control. Upper-GI symptoms should lead to con- sideration of all possible causes, including autonomic dysfunction. Whereas a radiographic gastric emptying study can definitively establish the diagnosis of gastroparesis, a reasonable approach is to exclude autonomic dysfunction and other known causes of these upper-GI symptoms. Constipation is the most common lower-GI symptom but can alternate with episodes of diarrhea. Diagnostic approaches should rule out autonomic dysfunction and the well-known causes such as neoplasia. Occasionally, anorectal manometry and other specialized tests typically performed by the gastroenterologist may be helpful. DAN is also associated with genitourinary tract disturbances including bladder and/or sexual dysfunction. Evaluation of bladder dysfunc- tion should be performed for individuals with diabetes who have recurrent urinary tract infec- tions, pyelonephritis, incontinence, or a palpable bladder. Specialized assessment of bladder dysfunction will typically be performed by a urologist. In men, DAN may cause loss of penile erection and/or retrograde ejaculation. A complete workup for erectile dysfunction in men should include history (medical and sexual); psychological evaluation; hormone levels; mea- surement of nocturnal penile tumescence; tests to assess penile, pelvic, and spinal nerve func- tion; cardiovascular autonomic function tests; and measurement of penile and brachial blood pressure. Neurovascular dysfunction resulting from DAN contributes to a wide spectrum of clinical disorders including erectile dysfunction, loss of skin integrity, and abnormal vascular reflexes. Disruption of microvascular skin blood flow and sudomotor function may be among the earliest manifestations of DAN and lead to dry skin, loss of sweating, and the development of fissures and cracks that allow microorganisms to enter. These changes ultimately contribute to the development of ulcers, gangrene, and limb loss. Various aspects of neurovascular function can be evaluated with specialized tests, but generally these have not been well standardized and have limited clinical utility. Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is the most studied and clinically important form of DAN. Meta-analyses of published data demonstrate that reduced cardiovascular autonomic function as measured by heart rate variability (HRV) is strongly (i.e., relative risk is doubled) associated with an in- creased risk of silent myocardial ischemia and mortality. The determination of the presence of CAN is usually based on a battery of auto- nomic function tests rather than just on one test. Proceedings from a consensus conference in 1992 recommended that three tests (R-R variation, Valsalva maneuver, and postural blood pressure testing) be used for longitudi- nal testing of the cardiovascular autonomic system. Other forms of autonomic neuropathy can be evaluated with specialized tests, but these are less standardized and less available than commonly used tests of cardiovascular autonomic function, which quantify loss of HRV. Interpretability of serial HRV testing re- quires accurate, precise, and reproducible procedures that use established physiological maneuvers. The battery of three recom- mended tests for assessing CAN is readily per- formed in the average clinic, hospital, or diagnostic center with the use of available technology. Measurement of HRV at the time of diagnosis of type 2 diabetes and within 5 years after diagnosis of type 1 diabetes (unless an individual has symptoms suggestive of au- tonomic dysfunction earlier) serves to estab- lish a baseline, with which 1-year interval tests can be compared. Regular HRV testing pro- vides early detection and thereby promotes timely diagnostic and therapeutic interven- tions. HRV testing may also facilitate differen- tial diagnosis and the attribution of symptoms (e.g., erectile dysfunction, dyspepsia, and diz- ziness) to autonomic dysfunction. Finally, knowledge of early autonomic dysfunction can encourage patient and physician to im- prove metabolic control and to use therapies such as ACE inhibitors and -blockers, proven to be effective for patients with CAN. Diabetes Care 26:1553-1579, 2003

/pdf/diabetic-autonomic-neuropathy-4kabtayo3d.pdf

Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy

Ubiquitous blood pressure (BP) monitoring is needed to improve hypertension detection and control and is becoming feasible due to recent technological advances such as in wearable sensing. Pulse transit time (PTT) represents a well-known potential approach for ubiquitous BP monitoring. The goal of this review is to facilitate the achievement of reliable ubiquitous BP monitoring via PTT. We explain the conventional BP measurement methods and their limitations; present models to summarize the theory of the PTT-BP relationship; outline the approach while pinpointing the key challenges; overview the previous work toward putting the theory to practice; make suggestions for best practice and future research; and discuss realistic expectations for the approach.

/pdf/toward-ubiquitous-blood-pressure-monitoring-via-pulse-3274861uea.pdf

Toward Ubiquitous Blood Pressure Monitoring via Pulse Transit Time: Theory and Practice.

This report is a compendium of all current recommendations for the prevention of measles, rubella, congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), and mumps The report presents the recent revisions adopted by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) on October 24, 2012, and also summarizes all existing ACIP recommendations that have been published previously during 1998-2011 (CDC Measles, mumps, and rubella--vaccine use and strategies for elimination of measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome and control of mumps: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices [ACIP] MMWR 1998;47[No RR-8]; CDC Revised ACIP recommendation for avoiding pregnancy after receiving a rubellacontaining vaccine MMWR 2001;50:1117; CDC Updated recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices [ACIP] for the control and elimination of mumps MMWR 2006;55:629-30; and, CDC Immunization of healthcare personnel: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) MMWR 2011;60[No RR-7]) Currently, ACIP recommends 2 doses of MMR vaccine routinely for children with the first dose administered at age 12 through 15 months and the second dose administered at age 4 through 6 years before school entry Two doses are recommended for adults at high risk for exposure and transmission (eg, students attending colleges or other post-high school educational institutions, healthcare personnel, and international travelers) and 1 dose for other adults aged ≥18 years For prevention of rubella, 1 dose of MMR vaccine is recommended for persons aged ≥12 months At the October 24, 2012 meeting, ACIP adopted the following revisions, which are published here for the first time These included: • For acceptable evidence of immunity, removing documentation of physician diagnosed disease as an acceptable criterion for evidence of immunity for measles and mumps, and including laboratory confirmation of disease as a criterion for acceptable evidence of immunity for measles, rubella, and mumps • For persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, expanding recommendations for vaccination to all persons aged ≥12 months with HIV infection who do not have evidence of current severe immunosuppression; recommending revaccination of persons with perinatal HIV infection who were vaccinated before establishment of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) with 2 appropriately spaced doses of MMR vaccine once effective ART has been established; and changing the recommended timing of the 2 doses of MMR vaccine for HIV-infected persons to age 12 through 15 months and 4 through 6 years • For measles postexposure prophylaxis, expanding recommendations for use of immune globulin administered intramuscularly (IGIM) to include infants aged birth to 6 months exposed to measles; increasing the recommended dose of IGIM for immunocompetent persons; and recommending use of immune globulin administered intravenously (IGIV) for severely immunocompromised persons and pregnant women without evidence of measles immunity who are exposed to measles As a compendium of all current recommendations for the prevention of measles, rubella, congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), and mumps, the information in this report is intended for use by clinicians as baseline guidance for scheduling of vaccinations for these conditions and considerations regarding vaccination of special populations ACIP recommendations are reviewed periodically and are revised as indicated when new information becomes available

Prevention of measles, rubella, congenital rubella syndrome, and mumps, 2013: summary recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).

Acute psychosocial stress: Does the emotional stress response correspond with physiological responses?

The cold pressor test for measuring the reactibility of the blood pressure: Data concerning 571 normal and hypertensive subjects

Excerpt In health there is a balance of the various divisions of the autonomic nervous system that varies with the normal physiologic demands. It is likely that phylogenetic and anatomic factors, a...

A standard test for measuring the variability of blood pressure: its significance as an index of the prehypertensive state

Arteritis of the temporal vessels is unusual, and a new clinical syndrome, the etiology of which is still obscure, is probably represented in the two cases which form the basis of this report. These are the only cases which have been observed at the Mayo Clinic, and we have not noted reports of similar cases in the literature. A name cannot be given to this condition until more cases have been observed and the condition is dignified by nomenclature. REPORT OF CASES Case 1. —An unmarried woman, aged 50, was first admitted to the clinic in May, 1917. General examination at that time gave negative results. The blood pressure in millimeters of mercury was 129 systolic and 78 diastolic. At the second admission, in September, 1927, the physical examination and laboratory tests disclosed an enlarged uterus, sclerosis, graded 1, of the retinal arteries and a blood pressure of 216 systolic

https://jamanetwork.com/HttpHandlers/ArticlePdfHandler.ashx?journal=INTEMED&articleId=539500&pdfFileName=archinte_53_3_007.pdf

Arteritis of the temporal vessels: a previously undescribed form

Danger lurks at the bathing beach for those who are hypersensitive to cold, but the danger can be eliminated by adequate desensitization We do not pretend that, scientifically, this is the most interesting implication of the present report; we do believe that now, with summer almost at hand, it is the most immediately applicable feature of our work The study represents a clinical and experimental investigation of twenty-two cases, seven of which have been previously reported, illustrating the various phases of hypersensitiveness to cold This constitutes the entire group of such cases observed at the Mayo Clinic during the past ten years The ages of these subjects ranged from 15 to 59 years Eleven of the subjects were females and eleven were males With few exceptions they appeared to be in good general health; some were even robust One subject also had osteitis deformans and one a hyperfunctioning adenomatous goiter

https://jamanetwork.com/HttpHandlers/ArticlePdfHandler.ashx?journal=JAMA&articleId=273179&pdfFileName=jama_107_16_001.pdf

Hypersensitiveness to cold: with local and systemic manifestations of a histamine-like character: its amenability to treatment

The clinical, pathologic and biochemical changes resulting from obstruction in the upper intestinal tract have been carefully studied by a number of investigators. It is known that a marked or complete pyloric or duodenal obstruction results in severe toxemia or death. The associated increased nerve irritability and the development of a syndrome usually designated gastric tetany have long been recognized. Experimental work along these lines has been concerned chiefly with the nature of the toxic agent, with the changes in blood chemistry, and with the mechanism involved in the production of gastric tetany. The cause of death in this group of cases also has received much attention. Various hypotheses have been advanced, based on experimental studies and on theoretic considerations, but we believe that the associated renal lesion has not yet received sufficient recognition or consideration. Clinically it has been observed that the body reacts differently to intestinal obstruction, depending

Toxic nephritis in pyloric and duodenal obstruction: renal insufficiency complicating gastric tetany

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