http://utsc.utoronto.ca/%7Ebritto/publications/amtox.pdf

NH4+ toxicity in higher plants: a critical review

http://aerg.canberra.edu.au/library/sex_general/2002_Basu_Todgham_Ackerman_heat_shock_protiens_in_fish.pdf

Heat shock protein genes and their functional significance in fish

Urea cycle disorders (UCDs) are inborn errors of ammonia detoxification/arginine synthesis due to defects affecting the catalysts of the Krebs-Henseleit cycle (five core enzymes, one activating enzyme and one mitochondrial ornithine/citrulline antiporter) with an estimated incidence of 1:8.000. Patients present with hyperammonemia either shortly after birth (~50%) or, later at any age, leading to death or to severe neurological handicap in many survivors. Despite the existence of effective therapy with alternative pathway therapy and liver transplantation, outcomes remain poor. This may be related to underrecognition and delayed diagnosis due to the nonspecific clinical presentation and insufficient awareness of health care professionals because of disease rarity. These guidelines aim at providing a trans-European consensus to: guide practitioners, set standards of care and help awareness campaigns. To achieve these goals, the guidelines were developed using a Delphi methodology, by having professionals on UCDs across seven European countries to gather all the existing evidence, score it according to the SIGN evidence level system and draw a series of statements supported by an associated level of evidence. The guidelines were revised by external specialist consultants, unrelated authorities in the field of UCDs and practicing pediatricians in training. Although the evidence degree did hardly ever exceed level C (evidence from non-analytical studies like case reports and series), it was sufficient to guide practice on both acute and chronic presentations, address diagnosis, management, monitoring, outcomes, and psychosocial and ethical issues. Also, it identified knowledge voids that must be filled by future research. We believe these guidelines will help to: harmonise practice, set common standards and spread good practices with a positive impact on the outcomes of UCD patients.

/pdf/suggested-guidelines-for-the-diagnosis-and-management-of-7jd0s5gqd2.pdf

Suggested guidelines for the diagnosis and management of urea cycle disorders

Linking herbivore experience, varied diets, and plant biochemical diversity

Abiotic conditions (e.g., temperature and pH) fluctuate through time in most marine environments, sometimes passing intensity thresholds that induce physiological stress. Depending on habitat and season, the peak intensity of different abiotic stressors can occur in or out of phase with one another. Thus, some organisms are exposed to multiple stressors simultaneously, whereas others experience them sequentially. Understanding these physicochemical dynamics is critical because how organisms respond to multiple stressors depends on the magnitude and relative timing of each stressor. Here, we first discuss broad patterns of covariation between stressors in marine systems at various temporal scales. We then describe how these dynamics will influence physiological responses to multi-stressor exposures. Finally, we summarize how multi-stressor effects are currently assessed. We find that multi-stressor experiments have rarely incorporated naturalistic physicochemical variation into their designs, and emphasize the importance of doing so to make ecologically relevant inferences about physiological responses to global change.

Multiple Stressors in a Changing World: The Need for an Improved Perspective on Physiological Responses to the Dynamic Marine Environment

Metabolic evidence was sought to explain the reduced body fat and increased body protein observed in Atlantic salmon fed diets supplemented with L-carnitine. By stimulating fatty acid oxidation, dietary carnitine might increase flux through pyruvate carboxylase and decrease flux through the branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex, by increasing regulatory ratios of acetyl CoA:free enzyme A (CoA-SH) and ATP:ADP. Such changes could conserve nitrogen by providing more carbon for amino acid biosynthesis and by blocking oxidative loss of the branched-chain amino acids. Consistent with this hypothesis, salmon fed carnitine (23 mmol/kg diet) for 9 wk exhibited greater metabolic rates than cohorts fed a carnitine-free diet (P < 0.05) for the following: 1) 1-[14C] palmitate oxidation by liver cubes (48%) and by isolated hepatocytes (151%), 2) pyruvate-dependent [14 CO2]-fixation by isolated mitochondria (81%), 3) incorporation of 1-[14C] lactate into glucose by liver cubes (120%) and by isolated hepatocytes (210%), and 4) incorporation of [35S]-methionine into the acid-insoluble fraction of liver cubes (59%) and isolated hepatocytes (89%). Hepatic concentrations of seven amino acids, including the branched-chain amino acids, were greater (7-112%), as were the plasma concentrations of three of these (45-130%). However, 230% more enzyme in the mitochondria of carnitine-fed fish, and not a difference in the ratios of acetyl CoA:CoA-SH or ATP:ADP, appeared to account for accelerated flux through pyruvate carboxylase; flux through the dehydrogenase complex was unchanged. These results implicate induction of pyruvate carboxylase (or a reduction in turnover) and enhanced protein synthesis in the mechanism for carnitine-induced changes in gluconeogenesis and nitrogen metabolism.

Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Fed l-Carnitine Exhibit Altered Intermediary Metabolism and Reduced Tissue Lipid, but No Change in Growth Rate

Thermal shock of salmon in vivo induces the heat shock protein hsp 70 and confers protection against osmotic shock

Orotic acid biosynthesis in rat liver: studies on the source of carbamoylphosphate.

The biochemistry and toxicology of benzoic acid metabolism and its relationship to the elimination of waste nitrogen.

The heat shock protein (hsp) response of juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar was investigated in isolated tissues subjected to various degrees of thermal shock. Distinct but overlapping arrays of proteins from the major hsp families (hsps 100, 90, 70, 60 and small hsps) were induced in branchial lamellae, hepatic tissue and erythrocytes. The two most prominent proteins induced by heat shock (MW ≅ 65 and 66 kDa) were found to be antigenic homologues of mammalian hsps72/73. A 2.6 kb transcript upregulated by the same conditions hybridized with cDNA probes to both human and salmon hsp70. Branchial lamellae exhibited the greatest degree of thermotolerance and mounted the most significant heat shock response. Moderate thermal shock induced more species of proteins in branchial lamellae than in hepatic tissue or erythrocytes, with the rate of hsp65/66 synthesis increased by as much as five fold. Thermal shock induced hsp65/66 eight fold in erythrocytes. In contrast, hepatic tissue which was least tolerant of thermal shock, lacked the inducible hsp65 and exhibited minimal induction of hsp66. Persistence of hsps was tested in erythrocytes, where elevated levels remained in the cells for at least 48 h after heat shock. The temporal pattern and magnitude of the hsp response in the stenothermal Atlantic salmon differed from that previously reported for eurythermal species. Also notable was the limited hsp response mounted by salmon tissues exposed to sodium arsenite, a known inducer of hsps. The characteristics of the hsp response to thermal shock support the significance of these proteins in adaptation of Atlantic salmon to environmental insult.

Characterization of the heat shock protein response of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

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