Direct method-based probabilistic shakedown analysis for the structure under multiple uncertain design conditions

To achieve more efficient structures, research into material properties is important in mechanical designs. The anisotropy of fiber composites is increasingly being exploited. This is particularly true for curved and continuous composites. The position and orientation of the filaments have a major influence on mechanical properties. So, the application of these fibers at specific paths is very important to obtain excellent structures. When developing components for high-performance applications, it is necessary to use optimization methods to find the best reinforcement paths. To achieve high efficiency, it is necessary to reduce the volume of the reinforcements to improve the strength-to-weight ratio. This reduction not only directly reduces the mass, but also decreases manufacturing costs. The present work aims to gradually add reinforcements to carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRPs). It observes the exact number of fibers required to achieve the greatest possible reduction in strain energy. The results prove that the use of more reinforcements than ideal is unnecessary because it increases the volume of reinforcements but doesn’t improve the properties. Optimization is achieved by parameterizing B-splines using sequential linear programming (SLP). Four cases analyzed concern a cantilevered plate. A force is applied to the free edge, causing bending. The boundary conditions are identical, and only the length of the plate changes. The strain is plotted to observe the strain distribution. Then, the results show that adding three to four reinforcements can reduce the strain energy by 92.6% to 98.0% compared to a structure without reinforcements.

Obtaining the effective number of reinforcements progressively inserted and optimized to reduce the strain energy of cantilever plates with a different relationship between height and length

This study systematically analyzes the effect of low-temperature environments on the mechanical properties and fracture behavior of carbon fiber reinforced polyether ether ketone (CF/PEEK) composites printed using fused deposition modeling (FDM). The mechanical properties of FDM-printed CF/PEEK composites were tested at five ambient temperatures, with liquid nitrogen's low boiling point used for cooling. A regression model predicting tensile strength was developed based on experimental results and subjected to analysis of variance and significance tests. The results showed that the tensile strength of CF/PEEK composites significantly decreased with decreasing ambient temperature. At -175 °C, the tensile strength dropped to 12.83 MPa, a decrease of 84.3% compared to 25 °C. The elastic modulus first decreased and then increased across the temperature range. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the low-temperature fracture behavior. The fracture mode shifted from ductile to brittle, and the interfacial bonding between fibers and the matrix weakened, contributing to the decline in the composites' tensile properties. These findings aim to enhance the understanding of CF/PEEK composites' performance in low-temperature environments, providing insights for their application in these conditions. 

pdf/effect-of-low-temperature-on-mechanical-properties-and-rdgizxi6w3b1.pdf

Effect of low temperature on mechanical properties and fracture behavior of 3D printed short carbon fiber reinforced polyether ether ketone composites (CF/PEEK)

High-density polyethylene (HDPE) has become a preferred material for modern pipeline systems due to its exceptional advantages. Among various joining techniques, butt fusion welding is the most widely employed and cost-effective method for connecting HDPE pipes. In response to growing demands for improved weld quality and long-term reliability, this review presents a comprehensive synthesis of recent advances aimed at enhancing the overall performance of welded joints in HDPE pipelines. It begins with an examination of the intrinsic material properties of HDPE in relation to weldability, followed by an overview of the principles and procedures of butt fusion welding, and an in-depth analysis of the mechanisms and implications of welding defect formation. The review then turns to recent progress in both destructive testing (DT) and non-destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques for weld quality assessment, as well as the optimization of key welding process parameters. In addition, emerging modification strategies of HDPE material are highlighted for their potential to improve weld strength, structural stability, and overall joint integrity. Building upon these thematic areas, the review identifies existing technical barriers and unresolved knowledge gaps, and outlines future research directions aimed at advancing both fundamental understanding and practical solutions for the next generation of high-performance HDPE pipeline systems. 

Analysis and optimization of welded joints of HDPE pipes during butt fusion welding: State-of-the-art and emerging directions

Comprehensive numerical study on shakedown and ratchetting behaviours of a deteriorated 90° back-to-back pipe bends

This study presents a novel in-house modelling method called “Fibre Path Generator” and comprehensive parametric analyses on the mechanical performance of carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) with the fibre path along the principal stress direction, using both finite element (FE) simulations and experiments. The reliability of the developed CFRP model is validated through the fabrication of open-hole tensile test specimens using a co-extrusion composite 3D-printer, which demonstrated a highly compatible maximum tensile load with an error less than 3%. A comparative analysis is conducted to assess the mechanical performance of the CFRP specimen with principal stress fibre placement, which result shows that the maximum tensile load achieved is 172.84% higher than a CFRP model with uniaxial fibre placement. Furthermore, comprehensive parametric studies are carried out, varying the carbon fibre location and width-to-depth (w/D) ratio of the open-hole specimen, in order to evaluate the mechanical performance under the tensile loading. This study results provide useful insights to engineers when enhancing the mechanical performance of CFRP composite structures with effective continuous fibre placement. 

Comprehensive parametric analyses on the mechanical performance of 3D printed continuous carbon fibre reinforced plastic

The minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) system, which minimizes the use of a coolant, has recently been in the spotlight as a new machining system to overcome environmental problems. However the liquefaction of the oil mist at the collection chamber should be overcome. This study analyzes the oil mist liquefaction of the one-channel internal lubricant feed MQL system using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and proposes the shape of the mist collection chamber that can reduce mist liquefaction. A discrete phase model (DPM) is used to simulate mist liquefaction, and the air and oil flow rates used in an actual MQL system are applied. After analyzing the reference model, a parametric study is conducted to derive the trend between the shape of the mist collection chamber and the liquefaction of the mist. The study results confirmed that the liquefaction can be reduced by changing the shape of the mist collection chamber. 

Analysis of Liquefaction in the Mist Collection Chamber of a One-Channel Minimum Quantity Lubrication System Using a Discrete Phase Model

Study on cyclic plastic behaviour of sandwich pipelines subjected to cyclic thermo-mechanical loads

탄소 섬유 복합재료(CFRP)는 가벼운 무게 대비 우수한 기계적 성능을 가지고 있어 경량화가 필요한 자동차 산업에서 다양하게 활용되고 있다. 최근에는 3D 프린터를 비롯한 적층제조 기술의 발전으로 탄소섬유 경로를 디자인하여 구조물의 기계적 성능 증가시키는 연구들이 진행중이다. 단방향 섬유경로의 탄소섬유 복합재료에 대한 구조 건전성 평가 연구는 많이 소개되었지만, 주 응력 방향 탄소섬유 경로를 적용한 연구는 아직 부족하다. 게다가, 탄소섬유 복합재료를 유한요소모델로 생성할 때 복잡한 모델링 과정을 거쳐야 하는 어려움이 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 Python code를 활용하여 CFRP가 적용된 로어 컨트롤 암의 유한요소 모델을 단순하게 생성하는 방법을 제시한다. 또한, 단방향 CFRP 모델과 주 응력 방향 CFRP 모델에 따른 로어 컨트롤 암의 무게, 구조, 진동 특성을 기존 알루미늄 재질의 로어 컨트롤 암 모델과 비교하여 평가한 결과를 제시한다. 

Structural and Vibration Analysis of Lower Control Arm Made of Continuous Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastic with Fibre Path in Principal Stress Direction

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Comprehensive parametric analyses on the mechanical performance of 3D printed continuous carbon fibre reinforced plastic

Analysis of Liquefaction in the Mist Collection Chamber of a One-Channel Minimum Quantity Lubrication System Using a Discrete Phase Model

Study on cyclic plastic behaviour of sandwich pipelines subjected to cyclic thermo-mechanical loads

Structural and Vibration Analysis of Lower Control Arm Made of Continuous Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastic with Fibre Path in Principal Stress Direction