Frequencies from 100 GHz to 3 THz are promising bands for the next generation of wireless communication systems because of the wide swaths of unused and unexplored spectrum. These frequencies also offer the potential for revolutionary applications that will be made possible by new thinking, and advances in devices, circuits, software, signal processing, and systems. This paper describes many of the technical challenges and opportunities for wireless communication and sensing applications above 100 GHz, and presents a number of promising discoveries, novel approaches, and recent results that will aid in the development and implementation of the sixth generation (6G) of wireless networks, and beyond. This paper shows recent regulatory and standard body rulings that are anticipating wireless products and services above 100 GHz and illustrates the viability of wireless cognition, hyper-accurate position location, sensing, and imaging. This paper also presents approaches and results that show how long distance mobile communications will be supported to above 800 GHz since the antenna gains are able to overcome air-induced attenuation, and present methods that reduce the computational complexity and simplify the signal processing used in adaptive antenna arrays, by exploiting the Special Theory of Relativity to create a cone of silence in over-sampled antenna arrays that improve performance for digital phased array antennas. Also, new results that give insights into power efficient beam steering algorithms, and new propagation and partition loss models above 100 GHz are given, and promising imaging, array processing, and position location results are presented. The implementation of spatial consistency at THz frequencies, an important component of channel modeling that considers minute changes and correlations over space, is also discussed. This paper offers the first in-depth look at the vast applications of THz wireless products and applications and provides approaches for how to reduce power and increase performance across several problem domains, giving early evidence that THz techniques are compelling and available for future wireless communications.

/pdf/wireless-communications-and-applications-above-100-ghz-arnwwogno0.pdf

Wireless Communications and Applications Above 100 GHz: Opportunities and Challenges for 6G and Beyond

Fiber-based structures are highly desirable for wearable electronics that are expected to be light-weight, long-lasting, flexible, and conformable Many fibrous structures have been manufactured by well-established lost-effective textile processing technologies, normally at ambient conditions The advancement of nanotechnology has made it feasible to build electronic devices directly on the surface or inside of single fibers, which have typical thickness of several to tens microns However, imparting electronic functions to porous, highly deformable and three-dimensional fiber assemblies and maintaining them during wear represent great challenges from both views of fundamental understanding and practical implementation This article attempts to critically review the current state-of-arts with respect to materials, fabrication techniques, and structural design of devices as well as applications of the fiber-based wearable electronic products In addition, this review elaborates the performance requirements of the fiber-based wearable electronic products, especially regarding the correlation among materials, fiber/textile structures and electronic as well as mechanical functionalities of fiber-based electronic devices Finally, discussions will be presented regarding to limitations of current materials, fabrication techniques, devices concerning manufacturability and performance as well as scientific understanding that must be improved prior to their wide adoption

Fiber‐Based Wearable Electronics: A Review of Materials, Fabrication, Devices, and Applications

Electronic Textiles (e-textiles) are fabrics that feature electronics and interconnections woven into them, presenting physical flexibility and typical size that cannot be achieved with other existing electronic manufacturing techniques. Components and interconnections are intrinsic to the fabric and thus are less visible and not susceptible of becoming tangled or snagged by surrounding objects. E-textiles can also more easily adapt to fast changes in the computational and sensing requirements of any specific application, this one representing a useful feature for power management and context awareness. The vision behind wearable computing foresees future electronic systems to be an integral part of our everyday outfits. Such electronic devices have to meet special requirements concerning wearability. Wearable systems will be characterized by their ability to automatically recognize the activity and the behavioral status of their own user as well as of the situation around her/him, and to use this information to adjust the systems' configuration and functionality. This review focuses on recent advances in the field of Smart Textiles and pays particular attention to the materials and their manufacturing process. Each technique shows advantages and disadvantages and our aim is to highlight a possible trade-off between flexibility, ergonomics, low power consumption, integration and eventually autonomy.

/pdf/wearable-electronics-and-smart-textiles-a-critical-review-2oa10tsfxp.pdf

Wearable Electronics and Smart Textiles: A Critical Review

With the explosive growth of mobile data demand, the fifth generation (5G) mobile network would exploit the enormous amount of spectrum in the millimeter wave (mmWave) bands to greatly increase communication capacity. There are fundamental differences between mmWave communications and existing other communication systems, in terms of high propagation loss, directivity, and sensitivity to blockage. These characteristics of mmWave communications pose several challenges to fully exploit the potential of mmWave communications, including integrated circuits and system design, interference management, spatial reuse, anti-blockage, and dynamics control. To address these challenges, we carry out a survey of existing solutions and standards, and propose design guidelines in architectures and protocols for mmWave communications. We also discuss the potential applications of mmWave communications in the 5G network, including the small cell access, the cellular access, and the wireless backhaul. Finally, we discuss relevant open research issues including the new physical layer technology, software-defined network architecture, measurements of network state information, efficient control mechanisms, and heterogeneous networking, which should be further investigated to facilitate the deployment of mmWave communication systems in the future 5G networks.

A survey of millimeter wave communications (mmWave) for 5G: opportunities and challenges

Internet of Things (IoT) is a new paradigm that has changed the traditional way of living into a high tech life style. Smart city, smart homes, pollution control, energy saving, smart transportation, smart industries are such transformations due to IoT. A lot of crucial research studies and investigations have been done in order to enhance the technology through IoT. However, there are still a lot of challenges and issues that need to be addressed to achieve the full potential of IoT. These challenges and issues must be considered from various aspects of IoT such as applications, challenges, enabling technologies, social and environmental impacts etc. The main goal of this review article is to provide a detailed discussion from both technological and social perspective. The article discusses different challenges and key issues of IoT, architecture and important application domains. Also, the article bring into light the existing literature and illustrated their contribution in different aspects of IoT. Moreover, the importance of big data and its analysis with respect to IoT has been discussed. This article would help the readers and researcher to understand the IoT and its applicability to the real world.

/pdf/internet-of-things-is-a-revolutionary-approach-for-future-3ry310eisq.pdf

Internet of Things is a revolutionary approach for future technology enhancement: a review

This paper analyses the impact of 3D multipath in an LTE-Advanced heterogeneous network. The impact of the base station array configuration is considered in both the azimuth and elevation planes. Spatial and temporal multipath statistics are generated for example macro- and picocellular base stations, and these are combined with appropriately oriented complex polarimetric antenna patterns. The resulting wideband channels are then passed to an LTE-Advanced physical layer simulator. The optimal spatial multiplexing mode is determined by computing the throughput using the received bit mutual information rate for all modulation and coding schemes. The fastest link speed for each user is identified given a packet error rate threshold of 10%. Results show that RMS angle spread statistics and the base station MIMO array configuration strongly influence user performance in an LTE-A network. The deployment of macrocellular vertical arrays is shown to significantly degrade network performance. In contrast, the elevation angle spread is found to be far greater in picocells, and this allows vertical arrays to be applied to produce compact high performance picobase stations.

/pdf/mimo-exploitation-of-3d-multipath-statistics-in-a-24tsyt3lxq.pdf

MIMO Exploitation of 3D Multipath Statistics in a Heterogeneous LTE-Advanced Network

Radiated emission measurements in screened rooms suffer from the excitation of room resonances. Severe problems in measurement repeatability and difficulties in correlating emission measurements in a screened room to those on an open area test site occur as a result. One possible solution to this problem is by damping the room through the inclusion of small amounts of absorber. The effect of introducing resistive sheets in a screened room is examined using numerical modelling and experimental measurements. Results from the numerical model and the experimental measurements show that significant broadband damping may be achieved. The numerical model considered the frequency range of 30–500 MHz and comparison of the response in the room with the predicted free-space response shows that a screened room error of ±5 dB may be achieved over a broad frequency range. Experimental measurements were carried out on a screened room for the frequency range of 30–200 MHz and these show a reduction in variations in field levels from ±30 dB down to ±5 dB.

Analysis and realisation of low-cost damped screened rooms

/pdf/9th-european-conference-on-wireless-technology-manchester-uk-4np8ahoyh1.pdf

9th European Conference on Wireless Technology, Manchester, UK

Since the angular spread is related to the propagation environment condition, MIMO channel capacity can be improved by increasing the antenna spacing. This paper evaluates the performance of link correlation for 2×2 MIMO deployments using horizontal and vertical UE and BS array configurations with various antenna separations at the UE and BS. The investigation makes use of measured 3D radiation patterns for the BS and UE antennas. This data is combined with state-of-the-art 3D ray-tracing predictions for a large number of macro and pico-cells locations. Results revealed that in order to achieve a correlation always in the range 0.25 to 0.75, the minimum required antenna spacing was around 0.5λ to 2λ for the UE, 2λ for the Pico-eNB and 10 λ for the Macro-eNB. MIMO performance (in terms of capacity) was seen to increase in pico-cells as a result of the higher angular spreads at the base station.

/pdf/impact-of-antenna-separation-on-the-link-correlation-of-mimo-2ycg00fh3y.pdf

Impact of antenna separation on the link correlation of MIMO HetNet LTE-advanced networks

Passive communications based on modulated backscatter can dramatically extend the lifespan of wireless sensor networks. Because wireless passive sensor networks reduce the dependence on the batteries, they have great potential to be used in body sensing applications. In a typical sensor network deployment, multiple passive sensor nodes modulate a common carrier. The superimposed reflected signals can be resolved by using code division multiple access (CDMA) principles. In practical systems however, a strong carrier component will leak to the receiver, causing offset to the constellation points and as a result it will destroy cross correlation properties of the CDMA codes. To address this problem, we propose a code shift modulation instead of vanilla CDMA. We develop maximum likelihood receiver and analyse its performance. Since the complexity of ML detection strategy scales exponentially with the number of sensors, we develop a reduced complexity detection technique based on Probabilistic Data Association (PDA). We demonstrate via numerical simulations that our reduced complexity detector approaches the ML performance.

Probabilistic data association for wireless passive body sensor networks

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