Political violence is known to cause psychological distress. There is a large body of empirical studies drawing correlations between war trauma, torture and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, there are few studies on the effects of war-related trauma among Syrian refugees after events following the ‘Arab Spring’ uprisings between 2010 and 2012. This study examines the association of PTSD symptoms with torture and other traumatic events among Syrian Kurdish refugees living in Kurdistan Region, Iraq. The experiences and PTSD symptoms among 91 Syrian Kurdish refugees in the Arbat camp in the Sulaymaniyah Governorate of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq were assessed using the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire (HTQ), sections I, IV and V. Results showed that the estimated levels of PTSD symptoms were high: between 35% and 38%. There were no significant gender differences in the occurrence of PTSD symptoms. However, men reported significantly more general traumatic experiences than women. There were significant positive correlations between PTSD symptoms with traumatic events and torture (r = .500, r = .366 respectively). Examining the mental health impact of torture and other traumatic events among refugees has possible implications for organizations managing rehabilitation programs for individuals who have been exposed to traumatic events.

/pdf/post-traumatic-stress-disorder-symptoms-resulting-from-2d8lcxh78s.pdf

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Resulting from Torture and Other Traumatic Events among Syrian Kurdish Refugees in Kurdistan Region, Iraq

There are an estimated 100,000 refugees in Australia from around the world. A review of the literature gives an overview of how their problems may be conceptualised; possibilities for therapeutic interventions are explored. A pilot group program in Victoria called “Standing Tall” is described.

War Within…. Or Without Working with Asylum Seekers

/pdf/impact-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-on-work-with-torture-59vw3lbc2b.pdf

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on work with torture survivors: Clinical and community perspectives

Despite its prohibition by the United Nations Convention against Torture and other international treaties, torture has been perpetrated against countless individuals worldwide, and health care practitioners globally are increasingly encountering refugee torture survivors in their clinical practices. The methods, geographic distribution, and frequency of torture globally are not well described, which limits health care practitioners' ability to adequately diagnose and treat the sequelae of torture.To rank the commonness of torture methods and identify the regions of the world with which they are associated.For this systematic review and meta-analysis, Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, Web of Science, and The Cochrane Library were searched from inception to July 2021.Included studies were peer-reviewed articles in English, contained an independent sample population of individuals who experienced torture, and outlined the type(s) of torture experienced. Excluded studies were not peer reviewed, lacked an independent sample population, or did not specify torture methods. Articles were chosen for inclusion by 2 independent and blinded reviewers, and a third, independent reviewer resolved discrepancies. Overall, 266 articles-15.3% of the 1739 studies initially identified for full review-met the inclusion criteria.Data abstraction and quality assessment followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Data were extracted by 2 independent and blinded reviewers into predefined templates, and a third, independent reviewer resolved discrepancies. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Downs and Black Checklist.Torture methods were ranked by their average frequencies, numbers of reporting studies, and numbers of countries wherein the methods occurred.A total of 9937 titles and abstracts were screened, and 266 studies encompassing 103 604 individuals (13 350 men, 5610 women, and 84 644 unspecified) were analyzed. Torture was reported for 105 countries; 21 methods accounted for 84% of all reported methods and 10 methods accounted for 78% of all physical tortures. The top 3 methods were beating or blunt-force trauma (reported in 208 studies and 59 countries; average frequency, 62.4%; 95% CI, 57.7%-67.1%), electrical torture (reported in 114 studies and 28 countries; average frequency, 17.2%; 95% CI, 15.0%-19.4%), and starvation or dehydration (reported in 65 studies in 26 countries; average frequency, 12.7%; 95% CI, 10.2%-15.2%). According to the Downs and Black appraisal tool, 50 studies were rated as good or excellent and 216 as fair or poor.The findings of this study suggest that torture remains widespread. Although innumerable torture methods exist, a limited number account for the vast majority of reported tortures. So that targeted therapies may be developed, additional investigation is needed to better elucidate the sequelae associated with the most common torture methods, described here. 

Reported Methods, Distributions, and Frequencies of Torture Globally

Introduct ion Investigations of former KZ-prisoners report of extensive physical and psychological sequences. Some studies have focused on the somatic consequences of hunger dvstrophy (Herman and Thygcsen 1954, Thygcsen et al 1970) and the KZ-syndrome is seen as an organic damage also affecting the brain (Nielsen 1986). Others (e.g. Chodoft 1982) stress that the massive emotional and physical trauma may be seen as the cause behind the sequelae. In studies of other consequences ot the Second WorldWar, such-as the War Sailor Syndrome (Askewold 1980), similar findings were reported.

MENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF TORTURE: The Method of Rehabilitation at a Rehabilitation Centre at Copenhagen.

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MENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF TORTURE: The Method of Rehabilitation at a Rehabilitation Centre at Copenhagen.