Synthesis of a novel borate ester Anion-Nonionic surfactant and its application in viscosity reduction and emulsification of heavy crude oil

The development of low permeability oil and gas resources presents a significant challenge to traditional development methods. To address the problem of "no injection and no production" in low permeability reservoirs, a novel fracture-injection-production integration technology named fracturing-flooding has been proposed by oilfield sites. This technology combines the advantages of conventional fracturing, water flooding, and chemical flooding, resulting in improved reservoir physical properties, increased injection, replenished energy, and increased oil displacement efficiency. The technology is especially suitable for low permeability reservoirs that suffer from low permeability, lack of energy, and strong heterogeneity. Fracturing-flooding technology has shown significant results and broad development prospects in some oilfields in China. This paper analyzes the development status of fracturing-flooding technology from various aspects, such as its development history, technical mechanism, technical characteristics, process flow, types of fracturing and oil displacement fluids, and field applications. Physical and numerical simulations of fracturing-flooding technology are also summarized. The results suggest that fracturing-flooding technology is more effective than conventional fracturing, water flooding, and chemical flooding in stimulating low-permeability tight reservoirs and improving oil recovery. Moreover, it has a high input-output ratio and can be utilized for future reservoir stimulation and transformation. 

Fracturing-flooding technology for low permeability reservoirs: a review

Polymer flooding is an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method used to increase oil recovery from oil reservoirs beyond primary and secondary recovery. Although it is one of the most well-established methods of EOR, there are still continuous new developments and evaluations for this method. This is mainly attributed to the diverse polymers used, expansion of this method in terms of application, and the increase in knowledge pertaining to the topic due to the increase in laboratory testing and field applications. In this research, we perform a review of the factors impacting polymer flooding in both laboratory studies and field-based applications in order to create guidelines with respect to the parameters that should be included when designing a polymer flooding study or application. The main mechanism of polymer flooding is initially discussed, along with the types of polymers that can be used in polymer flooding. We then discuss the most prominent parameters that should be included when designing a polymer flooding project and, based on previous laboratory studies and field projects, discuss how these parameters impact the polymer itself and the flooding process. This research can provide guidelines for researchers and engineers for future polymer flooding research or field applications.

Evaluating Factors Impacting Polymer Flooding in Hydrocarbon Reservoirs: Laboratory and Field-Scale Applications

Cardanol is a green biosurfactant with broad application prospects, which is expected to be used to enhance oil recovery (EOR). This paper designed two types of surfactants (extended and nonextended), including six kinds of nonionic and anion-nonionic surfactants. The position changes of PO and EO chains and the effects of different hydrophilic groups on the interface properties were studied with molecular dynamics simulations by constructing a model of crude oil (containing four components) and water molecules. The results of interfacial tension and solvent-accessible surface area showed that the interfacial properties of sulfate were better than those of sulfonates and nonionic surfactants. Meanwhile, the interface properties of nonextended surfactants were better than those of extended surfactants. The gyration radius (Rg) and tilt angle data demonstrated that when EO chains were located between hydrophobic groups and PO chains (nonextended surfactants), the adsorption capacity of surfactants at crude oil and water interfaces could be effectively improved. The radial distribution function of the hydrophilic group and hydrophobic group of surfactants with water molecules and four components of the crude oil molecule, respectively, explained that surfactants (8EO8POSO4) had better emulsification performance when the intermolecular interactions between crude oil and water two phases were relatively balanced. This study provides a theoretical reference for the design of oil-displacement surfactants and the mechanism analysis of emulsification properties.

Study on the Behavior of Saturated Cardanol-Based Surfactants at the Crude Oil/Water Interface through Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

The synthesis of sulfobetaine surfactants and their application in tertiary oil recovery (TOR) are summarized in this paper. The synthesis of sulfobetaine surfactants was classified into three categories of single hydrophobic chain sulfobetaine surfactants, double hydrophobic chain sulfobetaine surfactants and Gemini sulfobetaine surfactants for review. Their application in TOR was classified into surfactant flooding, microemulsion flooding, surfactant/polymer (SP) flooding and foam flooding for review. The sulfonated betaine surfactants have good temperature resistance and salt tolerance, low critical micelle concentration (cmc) and surface tension corresponding to critical micelle concentration (γcmc), good foaming properties and wettability, low absorption, ultralow interfacial tension of oil/water, and excellent compatibility with other surfactants and polymers. Sulfobetaine surfactants with ethoxyl structures, hydroxyl and unsaturated bonds, and Gemini sulfobetaine surfactants will become an important direction for tertiary oil recovery because they have better interfacial activity in high-temperature (≥90°C) and high-salinity (≥104 mg/L) reservoirs. Some problems existing in the synthesis and practical application were also reviewed. 

Progress in research of sulfobetaine surfactants used in tertiary oil recovery

Nonionic–anionic surfactants are expected to be applied in chemical flooding due to their important properties such as ultralow IFT values, good salt tolerance, and no chromatographic separation in porous media. In this study, a new type of nonionic–anionic–hydrophobic group structure surfactant N,N-dihydroxyethylalkylamide carboxylate (EAMC) was synthesized. The synergistic effects between petroleum sulfonate (KPS) and EAMC in reducing interfacial tension (IFT) and emulsification properties were studied. The influences of salt, alkali and Ca2+ on the IFTs of surfactant solutions were also investigated. One-dimensional core flooding experiments were used to characterize the enhanced oil recovery capability of the KPS and EAMC mixed system. The experimental results show that both EAMC and KPS have high interfacial activity and can reduce IFTs to about 0.01 mN/m order of magnitude against decane at optimized concentrations. The area occupied by the hydrophilic group of EAMC on the interface is smaller than that of its own hydrophobic group. The interfacial film formed by EAMC alone is relatively loose. The IFTs of KPS containing different structure petroleum sulfonates is affected by the difference in the adsorption rate of petroleum sulfonates on the interface, which shows that both the dynamic and equilibrium interfacial tensions can have the lowest values. However, the IFTs of the EAMC solutions against crude oil can be reduced to ultralow values because the mixed tight adsorption film is formed by EAMC and crude oil fraction molecules with synergistic effect. On the other hand, the KPS molecule has a hydrophobic part with large size and no synergism with crude oil fractions can be observed in the solutions containing only KPS. The combination of EAMC and KPS shows synergistic effect, namely ultralow IFT values, good emulsification properties, high alkali tolerance, and good salt and Ca2+ tolerance during a wide percentage range of EAMC. The best formula of EAMC and KPS system can be applied for EOR after polymer flooding. The studies in this paper are helpful for the design and application of a chemical flooding formula with nonionic–anionic–hydrophobic group structure surfactants.

/pdf/study-on-the-synergistic-effects-between-petroleum-sulfonate-1ivjne8r.pdf

Study on the Synergistic Effects between Petroleum Sulfonate and a Nonionic–Anionic Surfactant for Enhanced Oil Recovery

Synergism for lowering interfacial tensions between betaines and extended surfactants: the role of self-regulating molecular size

Effect of double chain anionic surfactant on the dynamic interfacial tensions of betaine solutions

Betaine is a new surfactant with good application prospects in high-temperature and high-salinity reservoirs. The interfacial properties of two kinds of betaine mixtures with a good synergistic effect were evaluated in this paper. On this basis, the effects of temperature-resistant, salt-resistant polymers with different contents of 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS) on dynamic interfacial tensions (IFTs) against n-alkanes and crude oil were studied. The experimental results show that the IFTs between betaine ASB and n-alkanes can be reduced to ultra-low values by compounding with anionic surfactant petroleum sulfonate (PS) and extended anionic surfactant alkoxyethylene carboxylate (AEC), respectively. ASB@AEC is very oil-soluble with nmin value ≥14, and ASB@PS is relatively water-soluble with nmin value of 10. The water solubility of both ASB@PS and ASB@AEC is enhanced by the addition of water-soluble polymers. The HLB of the ASB@AEC solution becomes better against crude oil after the addition of polymers, and the IFT decreases to an ultra-low value as a result. On the contrary, the antagonistic effect in reducing the IFT can be observed for ASB@PS in the same case. In a word, polymers affect the IFTs of surfactant solutions by regulating the HLB.

/pdf/dynamic-interfacial-tensions-of-surfactant-and-polymer-rmv2el2c.pdf

Dynamic Interfacial Tensions of Surfactant and Polymer Solutions Related to High-Temperature and High-Salinity Reservoir

Antigravity confined interfacial self-assembly approach for the synthesis and characterization of nanofilms.

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